The barriers to unity presented by European geography and very limited technology made it hard for a would-be conqueror to create a vast empire, eliminating competitors and imposing his will over vast areas.

由于欧洲独特的地理条件,和当时有限的科技水平,使未来的征伐者很难建立一个广袤的帝国,清除异己和使他的意志,传播到广袤领地的每一个角落

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.

但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

These cells can now kill cells that have the correct signature, and the signature is MHC-1 with this foreign antigen associated with it.

而这些细胞现在可以杀伤带标记的细胞,这些标记就是MHC-1表面受体,和与其相联的异己抗原

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

In this case here, you're generating host cells, cytotoxic T-cells, that can kill only very specific cells, cells that are expressing this foreign antigen.

而在这个例子中,人产生宿主细胞,即细胞毒性T细胞,它只会消灭特定的细胞,也就是携带特定异己抗原的细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Because it has MHC-1, your MHC-1 on it, this T-cell recognizes that it's one of your cells but it has a foreign antigen associated with it.

因为该细胞上有MHC-1,T细胞将这些细胞识别为自身细胞,但这些细胞带有异己抗原

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选