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And... a lot of, a lot of the role was played by the colonial powers within the conflict.
然后呢。,有很多事取决于殖民力量,在冲突中起的作用。
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or any of the countries that used to be in the empire for exceedingly good charity work
或者来自曾经是英国殖民地的做出突出慈善事业的人，
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So, I use the word colony because that's what we have for all such establishments of the kind we're talking about.
所以我之所以用殖民地这个词,是因为描述这种扩张行为我们只有这个词
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Like, you're accusing him of justifying the European basically massacre of the Native Americans.
你指责洛克正义化了欧洲殖民者,屠杀印第安人的行为。
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Travelers from England and elsewhere, France, who would come to the American colonies and would travel throughout the colonies, would often comment on this, that somehow Southerners were different culturally, attitudinally, behaviorally.
那些从英格兰,法国或其他地方,来到美国殖民地,四处游历的旅行者们,常常会做出这样的评价,即南方人总是很特别,他们的文化,观念,行为均与众不同
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Actually the City of Corinth wouldn't have been taxed because it was a Roman colony, and one of the benefits of being a Roman colony is that you didn't have to pay taxes, or at least the citizens didn't have to pay taxes.
事实上科林斯城以前从不收税,因为它是罗马的殖民地，成为罗马殖民地的一个好处是,不必交税，或者至少公民不用付。
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We know that the first colony that the Greeks established was in the Bay of Naples on the island of Ischia.
我们知道希腊建立的第一个殖民地,是在那不勒斯湾的伊斯基亚岛
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So that's the way the world looks when the polis is invented and when colonization begins to become a big thing.
这就是城邦建立以及殖民开始兴起之时,古希腊世界的面貌
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It also is possible, again it's just speculation, that population pressure might well be greater in the cities that did the colonizing.
再一次,只是猜测,也很有可能,这些进行殖民的城市,人口压力相对大
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Next time, I will take up the story of the expansion of the world of the polis, which takes the form of colonization.
下一次课,我们从城邦的扩张说起,这也是之后殖民统治的雏形
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The question is who gave permission for a colony to go in the mother city.
你问的是,在母邦是谁批准建立殖民地的
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I should say all of these dates that I will be giving you are some combination of Greek tradition-- and the Greeks dated these colonies very specifically.
所有我提供的这些时期,有一些参考了古希腊的传统记载,古希腊人对这些殖民地有很明确的记录
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What is more typical, I think, is that he thinks, I would like to take and have found a colony on the southeastern coast of Sicily. Why?
比较常见的是,我觉得,他会说,我想要在西西里的东南海岸,建立一个殖民地,为什么呢
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But these cities were very active in colonizing in a variety of directions.
但这些城市向周围各个方向,积极进行殖民活动
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He can't just say, I think I'd like to found a colony.
不能说,我想建立一个殖民地就行了
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Now, there are a couple of ways that can go; one that was certainly important and again it's for something that Hanson emphasizes, is what he calls internal colonization.
对此有几种解决方式,有一种很重要的,被汉森一再强调为,内部殖民的方式
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It is also interesting to notice who does not colonize at this early period and the answer is all the most famous cities of Greece in the Classical Period.
另一个有意思的问题是,谁在早期并不殖民,答案是,古希腊时期的所有名城
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I don't think it's inconceivable he's also justifying colonization as well.
也就不难想像他会为殖民化辩护。
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The date that's sort of typical for the general phenomenon of colonization coming out of the mother cities of Greece is again that date we keep talking about, 750 roughly.
殖民,成为这一典型时期的普遍现象,古希腊人离开故土,开始了对外扩张,也就是我们一再提起的时期,大约在公元前750年
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Just almost all the islands in that sea are inhabited by Greeks, mostly by the Greeks that came in that first wave of immigrants earlier on, not colonized during the eighth century and afterwards.
那片海域的诸岛上居住的几乎都是希腊人,他们大多都是早期的,第一批移民,而非八世纪以后的殖民者
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Okay, what are these new settlements like?
那么这些殖民地到底是什么样的呢
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Carthage is a colony of Phoenician cities.
迦太基是腓尼基人的殖民地
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They would have had to be damn fools to have settled there without that being in their minds, although some of the places where they settled leave us puzzled, and have left the ancients puzzled.
如果不是这样的话,他们的脑子就是进水了,确实是有一些殖民地建立在不毛之地,这让我们和古人都很困惑
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What we find is that the states who are doing most of the colonizing are located where most of the trade was going on at this point in history, and also most of the manufacturing.
我们发现,殖民行为最多的地区,地处当时贸易最频繁的区域,同时,那里也是制造业最发达的地方
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Now, there are exceptions in both directions, and as it happens the cases I know best have to do with the city of Corinth sent out a lot of colonies, which is why we know something about their arrangements.
但是现在两方面都有特例存在,而且这特例就发生在我最为熟知的科林斯,科林斯建立了很多殖民地,因此我们现在能对它的安排有所了解
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There is an expansion of the Greek world already by the tenth century, and these folks are now settled down, so that some of these cities are in fact among the most important cities sending out colonies of their own.
希腊世界不停地扩展,一直到10世纪,那些逃亡者才安定下来,因此,这当中的,一些重要城市都拥有自己隶属的殖民地
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Anthony Andrews says, "It may be that the epic tradition had at some stage used as a model for the army before Troy, an idealized version of some of those bands of colonists who settled the coast of Asia Minor in post-Mycenaean times."
安东尼·安德鲁说道,"或许那时的史诗时代在,特洛伊之前就采用了军队的模式,对于在后迈锡尼时代,小亚细亚地区的殖民者来说,这是最佳的模式
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Before we get to that, I should say that the Greeks have already, before this period of the polis and the period of colonization which is connected with the rise of the polis, centuries before that the greeks had already spread out from their original settlements.
在我们深究此前,我得先说,在城邦时期和殖民地时期之前,即跟城邦兴起的两个关联时期,希腊人已在数百年前,从最初的家园往外移民
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This is not the case--well, before the British gave Hong Kong back, Hong Kong was a crown colony, it was British territory.
这和Apoikia不是一回事,例如英国归还香港之前,香港是英国的殖民地,是它的领土
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Somebody in one of the old Greek cities has to decide that he wants to go out and establish a colony.
在其中一个古希腊的城市中,突然有个人决定要建立一个殖民地
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