What is it when you run a chemical reaction under ordinary circumstances, what's constant?

如果你在通常的环境下进行化学实验,那么这些条件是什么？什么保持常数？

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

If a cell has a gene that makes it resistant to Ampicillin, that means that that micro-organism can survive being exposed to this normally deadly chemical without dying.

如果细胞带有一种基因,能够让它对氨苄青霉素产生抗性,即使把它放在,有致死剂量化学物质的环境中,它也能存活下来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Anybody have an idea? What's the one function of state? I'm the system, the rest are the surrounding. What's the one function of state that's constant when I'm doing all my chemical reactions to move my arms around?

态函数又是什么呢？,我是一个系统，其余的是周围的环境,那么当我在做所有的化学反应,去四处移动我的手臂的时候,什么量是常数？

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

We need to have conditions internally that are relatively constant in terms of temperature, and pH, and chemical composition in order for us to thrive.

我们需要体内的环境参数保持相对稳定,这些环境参数包括,温度,pH值,以及化学组成,这样人才能茁壮成长

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选