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And so you get to build your own special purpose programming language that helped you solve your problems in biology or finance or whatever,
你读过的类型都可以,所以你就可以让编程语言按照你的,特殊用途去解决你的生物学,财务或者任何类型的问题，
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which means that I have to take one of Arts and one of philosophy and one of biological sciences
还意味着我必须选一门艺术类课程，一门哲学类和一门生物学类课程，
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Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.
此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性
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And I'm sure you can imagine that if you want to label onw protein green and one red and one yellow, now you can start looking at really complex biological processes.
我相信你们可以想象如果你,需要把一个蛋白质标记成绿色,一个标记红色，一个标记黄色，这样你就可以研究非常复杂的生物学过程。
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He is not a kind of socio-biologist of politics, although he sometimes appears this way when he says that man is a political animal.
他并不是一种政治学的社会生物学家，但他有时的确显得像,尤其是当他说到人类是政治动物时。
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People are just material objects, the sorts of things biologists poke and prod and study.
人只是个物质实体,一个生物学可以钻研的东西
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And, in particular, I want to lead off the class with an idea that the Nobel Prize winning biologist, Francis Crick, described as "The Astonishing Hypothesis."
我想先提到一种观点,这种观点的提出者是位诺贝尔奖得主,生物学家,弗兰西斯·克里克,他将这种观点称为"惊人的假说"
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This course, as I said, will emphasize psychology, biology, and politics of food.
这门课,正如我说的,将着重讨论,有关食品的心理学,生物学和政治学
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Following a transformation the study of which is not the concern of the social sciences but rather of biology and psychology, a crossing over came about from a stage where nothing had a meaning to another where everything possessed it.
这门学科并不属社会科学的范畴,而是属于生物学，心理学，此种转变是一种跨越，从一个什么都没有意义的时代到,一个每样东西都能表达的时代的。
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That was some, not too complicated, but hopefully understandable description of a whole area of biology called signal transduction.
这些并不复杂,却有希望描述清楚,生物学领域一大类现象,称为信号转导
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Because we've learned about that biology we've been able to make erythropoietin outside the body and use it as a drug.
由于我们已经知道了这种生物学机制,因此我们能体外制造促红细胞生成素,并作为药品应用
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What are - this understanding of receptor-ligand interactions has been really the biological basis of much of the pharmaceutical industry.
受体-配体相互作用理论,现在已经成为很多,制药工业的生物学基础
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So, let's go ahead and make sure we can draw that, if we have interest either in the area of organic chemistry or biochemistry or biology here.
那么，让我们来确认一下我们已经学会怎么画了，如果我们对有机化学,生物化学或者生物学中的任何一个领域感兴趣的话。
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But you actually need to keep a few caveats in mind as you do this, which is the fact that trends predict a lot of chemical properties, but they can't predict everything in terms of biological properties.
不过在你使用的过程中,需要牢记一些注意事项,那就是元素周期律可以预言很多化学性质，但是不能预言一切性质,比如生物学性质。
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This diagram at the top here is a very familiar one to most of you, it's sometimes called the central dogma of molecular biology.
顶部这个示意图,对大家来说都非常熟悉,这叫做分子生物学的中心法则
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So, at this point, kept the pre-med, just switched the major to chemistry.
如果你一心一意的要学生物学，我猜你会选择有机化学。
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Through many decades of study, biologists have teased out certain populations of cells within the bone marrow that are capable of reproducing subsets of cells.
经过数十年的研究,生物学家们在骨髓中发现了,一些细胞群,它们能够生成细胞亚群
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Well, let's see, a biologist might study, or a zoologist might study, cats.
比如说,生物学家,或者动物学家可能会研究猫
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So maybe you could figure out how to use what we know about molecular biology, to engineer a new virus that's still immunogenic, but not pathogenic any longer.
也许你能指出如何使用,分子生物学的有关知识,来设计一个既能产生免疫性,但又不再有致病性的新病毒
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So maybe a better way to talk about it would just be: Life's a biological process; we're all familiar with that process, sort of, in its middle stretches.
也许对此更好的表述方式是,生命是一个生物学过程,我们对这个过程都很熟悉,在它的中期
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And an answer that some psychologists and biologists have given is deception.
一些心理学家与生物学家们所给出的答案,是欺骗。
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PROFESSOR: Biology, yes.
教授：是的，生物学。
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In its closing stretches, some fairly unusual biological processes kick in.
在它的末期,一些异常的生物学过程介入
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often a biologist can discriminate between different kinds of cells that they see in section of a tissue for example, merely by its shape and the characteristics that it has.
生物学家经常可以在组织切片上,仅凭所看见的细胞形状来区分不同细胞,如果举例来说的话,仅通过细胞的形状和特性就足够
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One could easily, for example, differentiate between a red cell and a neuron, but a skilled biologist who's looked at many, many different cells could differentiate between different types of neurons.
普通人可以很轻易的,分辨出神经元和红细胞,然而一个训练有素的生物学家,辨识过许多不同细胞之后,能够分辨出不同种类的神经元
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This is one of the biological properties, the naturally occurring properties of plasmids, is that they exist in microbial populations and they confer on them resistance from toxins that would ordinarily kill them.
这就是这类生物学特性之一,它是质粒所具有的自然特性,这些质粒存在于微生物群体中,并赋予微生物抗性,使它们免于被毒素杀死
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A lot of interesting reasons, we've all heard the topic-- the word chocoholic, sugar addict, we hear the words withdrawal and things and that becomes an interesting part of the biology of food.
值得思考的原因有很多,我们都听过这样的词汇,巧克力成瘾,糖果成瘾,还有戒断反应之类的词,这都是食品生物学中有趣的部分
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So, for example, when the body is in stress, as would likely happen toward the end of the biological processes, when the body is in stress, certain endorphins get released by the body.
比如说 当身体受到压力,这在生物学过程的末端,极易发生,当身体受压时,身体就会放出一定的内啡肽
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As shown in this cartoon here, again you don't need to know the details of this, but if you're interested in knowing what's the biological bases of the genetic code this is it.
像这个动画里画的那样,这里你也不需要了解细节,不过如果你很有兴趣想知道,遗传密码的生物学基础
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It's important to understand the ancestral diet to see why we've evolved, the biological reasons we are the humans we are today, but it also helps instruct us about what we might happen to do.
了解祖先的饮食结构非常重要,它帮助我们理解人类为何演化,找出造成我们现状的生物学成因,这也有助于我们找到应对方法
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