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This then is the object of Saussure's attention as a linguist and as a semiotician.
这就是索绪尔所注意到的,作为一个符号学家兼语言学家。
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There is a Darwinian semiotics, understanding the relationships among species in semiotic terms.
达尔文主义的符号学，用符号学来研究物种间的关系。
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Semiotics evolves into what is called "structuralism," which we'll be considering next week.
符号学涉及结构主义“,我们下节课会讲到结构主义。
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Now semiotics is not in itself a literary theory.
符号学自身并不是文学理论。
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Semiotics has expanded into every imaginable aspect of thought.
符号学涉及几乎任何学科。
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The important thing about Saussure and the discipline of semiotics is the incredible influence that it has had on virtually every form of subsequent literary theory.
索绪尔和其他符号学家都很关注的一件事就是,符号学对于,任意一种文学理论的影响。
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But what is new in Saussure and what really is foundational in semiotics as a science is two things that Saussure then goes on to say about the sign.
但是说索绪尔创造性的开创了,符号学，是因为两件事,这两件事是。
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What is semiology?
符号学是什么？
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As we'll learn from Jakobson next week, literature can be understood--or what he calls the study of literature, "poetics"--can be understood as a subfield of semiotics, but semiotics is not in itself a literary theory.
下周我们学雅各布森的时候也会看到，文学可以被理解为，诗学，即符号学的一个分支，但是符号学不是文学理论。
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It's symbolically the wrong move.
这在符号学上来说是不可能的。
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One of the texts of de Man -also in the book called Allegories of Reading where you'll find also a version of the essay "Semiology and Rhetoric" one of the essays that those who had actually read de Man actually argued about in a persistent fashion is called "The Purloined Ribbon."
德曼的一篇文章,同样在《阅读的寓言》这本书中能找到,在这本书中还能找到“符号学与修辞“的一个版本“,这是一篇读过德曼的人都会,不停争论的文章，它叫“偷窃的缎带“
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Once you get that, once you get the value, "Christmas tree," as opposed to "red lights," "red lights" being perhaps a part of some Christmas trees, then you see that you're back in a semiotic system and a very obvious one, because a Christmas tree is a not-menorah, not-Kwanzaa candles.
一旦认识到这点，红灯，指的其实是圣诞树“,红灯是圣诞树的一部分，那么你会发现你回到了符号学的解释中，圣诞树不用于犹太教或者非洲人的节日。
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