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Many kinds of molecules make up your coffee There are the water molecules, the flavor molecules the milk proteins, etcetera.
许多不同种类的分子构成了你的咖啡,有水分子，气味分子，牛奶蛋白等等。
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There are proteins, for example, on the surface of some cells that bind insulin and respond to the presence of insulin.
比如说蛋白,有些细胞表面上的蛋白,捕获胰岛素并且对胰岛素进行应答
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And so if one is looking to keep protein at a certain level, then these sort of foods would get favored.
但还不是全部 而如果要使体内蛋白维持在某种水平上,那这些食物会比较受青睐
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So, that is just a quick example for some of you, you might be very familiar with ion channels, others might not know what these are, so I'll just tell you quite briefly that ion channels are these very massive transmembrane proteins.
这对你们中的某些人来说仅仅是个小例子，有些人可能已经非常熟悉离子通道这个概念了，但有些人可能还不清楚，那么就让我来简单地介绍一下离子通道,就是这些巨大的跨膜蛋白。
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So, their diet is a little bit of that-- some of their protein from that, then bread, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, cheese, milk, those kinds of things they can do.
因此他们日常饮食是一点点肉,一些肉质蛋白,然后是面包,橄榄油,水果,蔬菜,奶酪,牛奶,还有些他们可以生产的东西
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Kinases can, in many cases, serve as a mechanism for switching a protein on or switching a protein off.
激酶能够,在很多情况下,能够激活一种蛋白或者关闭一种蛋白
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So if it's not a cell that's going through division you can't use a retrovirus to express the protein.
如果细胞不在分裂阶段,你就不能用逆转录病毒来表达某个蛋白
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What a kinase enzyme does is that it recognizes this protein, and for example, the tyrosine that's on the protein.
激酶能够识别这类蛋白,例如,包含酪氨酸的蛋白
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It leads to expression of new genes, production of new proteins, and a change in a behavior of the cell.
这导致新基因表达,新蛋白合成,细胞行为发生改变
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They're red because they contain a special protein called hemoglobin which is very concentrated inside the cell.
红细胞的红色源于,其内部一种叫做血红蛋白的特殊蛋白质,血红蛋白在细胞内的浓度很高
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In fact, fibroblasts, which I talked about before, are very good producers of collagen, they produce the collagen matrix within which they live.
实际上,我刚讲过的,成纤维细胞,尤善于此,它们制造了自己生活环境中的,胶原蛋白基质
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The regions that are necessary for describing what the protein is like are called exons, the regions that are not are called introns.
因此我们把编码蛋白质的区域,称为外显子,而把不参与编码蛋白的区域称为内含子
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You get cystic fibrosis because one protein that's made by your lung epithelium is not expressed properly.
得囊胞性纤维症的病因是,肺上皮细胞产生的一种蛋白,表达不正常
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Maybe it got mutated and its making the wrong kinds of proteins; cancer cells often do that.
它可能已经变异,产生了错误的蛋白,癌细胞往往就是这样
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Hormones can be proteins, endocrine hormones can be proteins, meaning they're large molecules that are usually fairly water soluble, or they can be steroids.
激素可以是蛋白,内分泌激素可以是蛋白,这意味着激素是大分子,并且通常是水溶性的,激素也可以是类固醇
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They basically make many, many copies of their DNA and they make all of their viral proteins and they assemble into new viral units.
它们会生成不计其数的病毒基因拷贝,并翻译生成病毒蛋白,组装成新的病毒单位
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They put a gene like the insulin gene in place of the milk protein, but behind the promoter that is used to produce milk proteins.
人们将产羊奶蛋白的基因,换成了胰岛素基因,在启动子后面的基因,原本是编码羊奶蛋白的
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Extracellular matrix in most tissues is abundant in collagen and other proteins like collagen.
大部分组织中的细胞外基质,都富含胶原蛋白和其他类似蛋白
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The collagen is excreted by cells themselves, so the matrix is made by cells.
胶原蛋白是细胞自己分泌的,所以说基质也是细胞制造的
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Now, you all know that we can make irreversible changes in proteins, you can denature them completely, that's what happens when you cook an egg for example.
现在你们都懂蛋白能够发生不可逆的改变,能够完全变性,比如在你煮鸡蛋的时候就是这样
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It's a protein that's produced by other cells in the body and when it's enriched in a certain area it stimulates more production of red blood cells.
这种蛋白由体内的另一种细胞生成,而当其在某处富集时,就会刺激红细胞生成
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The one that's on the top here is called ligand-gated ion channel and an ion channel is a protein that sits in the surface of a cell.
最上面的这个叫作配体门控离子通道,离子通道是一类位于细胞表面的蛋白
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There's lots of these so called signaling proteins that have been identified now.
现在有很多这样的,所谓信号蛋白被发现
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Often the state of a protein depends on whether it's phosphorylated or not.
蛋白的状态通常取决于,它们是否被磷酸化
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It generates a kinase activity which leads to phosphorylation of the protein.
它产生了一种激酶活性,导致了受体蛋白的磷酸化
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To make insulin, for example, your cells of your pancreas have to be transcribing that gene, it has to be processed, has to be translated into the protein insulin.
举例来说,如果要合成胰岛素,你的胰腺细胞必须先转录那一段基因,然后进行加工,继而翻译成为胰岛素蛋白
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They do that because they can control the expression of genes.
它们能正确地合成蛋白,是因为它们可以调控基因的表达
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There are proteins that are responsible for receiving signals, chemical signals.
还有一些蛋白是负责接收信号的,化学信号
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Now that's going to be important when we talk about making human gene - making human proteins inside alternate hosts like bacteria, that they can't do all the things that your cells can do.
这一步骤在我们谈到,利用像细菌那样的宿主,来生成人类蛋白时非常重要,因为细菌并不具备人类细胞的全部功能
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In order for it to get inside the cells and go through them there have to be transporters which specifically allow glucose to pass into the cell and then out into our body.
为使其能进入并穿过细胞,肠上皮必须具有葡萄糖特异性的转运蛋白,使葡萄糖能够穿过细胞进入体内
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