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One of the things that came out and was firmly embodied into law with the advent of the SEC.
随着证交会的成立,一些相关的金融规范,被写入了法律条文
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In other words, Plato is wrong. The poet is not a liar because he's not talking about anything that's verifiable or falsifiable.
意思就是说，柏拉图错了，诗人不是骗子,因为它从未说过什么话可以证明或证伪。
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Now if you look at my derivation here, there's one spot where I could have just stopped and proven my point without going through the whole thing.
如果仔细检查我的推导过程，你会发现其实,我们不用研究整个循环过程,就可以证明我们要证的公式。
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The problem with being a public investment company is you have to file quarterly reports about all the things you've invested in.
而公共券商的困难在于,你必须按季度向证交会报告,公司所有的投资活动
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The issue of vagueness is summarized in a more technical way by the philosopher Karl Popper who described--who introduced the term of falsifiability.
关于概念模糊的问题,哲学家卡尔·波普用一个更加专业的术语,进行了总结,他提出了“可证伪性“这个术语。
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So we're throwing away all of the strategies less than 5/4 for Player I and bigger than 6/4 for Player I, which is 1? for Player I and similarly for Player II.
这样我们又剔除了,参与人小于5/4大于6/4的策略,参与人I只有1?的区间,同理可证参与人II
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They were making risky investments but they weren't reporting them properly on the SEC forms, so people didn't know how risky Enron was.
从事风险投资,安然并未按照证交会规定适当披露这些消息,所以大众不知安然面临多大风险
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There were precursors to this, but the SEC forces the difference between public and private securities and this is a very important distinction.
例如证交会强制界定了,公共券商与私募券商之间的差异,这是非常重要的划分
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If you're a public company it means that you've gone through the procedures at the SEC to be approved as a public company.
一家上市公司,是通过证交会的审查程序,而被批准为上市公司的
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It's not their choice--they might like to advertise -but they can't without running afoul of the SEC.
他们也不想这样...他们也想登广告,但是不可以登,否则会与证交会起冲突
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That's the crucial thing: if they're not willing, the use of the sign doesn't work, which confirms the idea that nothing can be changed simply by individual agency in and of itself.
这很关键：,如果他们自己不愿意使用，符号就没有意义，这也就应证了我们的观点,没有人能单独改变一个群体符号的使用方式。
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It was organized by the SEC in 1973, but the SEC didn't want to do this job; they wanted it to be done privately.
而是由证交会创建于1973年,证交会不想接手该职责,希望由民间组织来监管
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But the problem is, when you make specific falsifiable predictions they don't always do that well.
但问题是，你所得出的这些具体而可证伪的预测,并不总是很准。
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If you are--this is a private investment company -let's think before we talk about hedge--think of -suppose you're a public investment company approved by the SEC.
如果你是...这是一种私募投资公司,...在我们讨论对冲基金之前大家想一想,...假设你有一家经证交会认证的公共券商
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I don't know if the word is approved but it's--you have to run it by the SEC and then you always have to give that up.
不知道人们对此是否认同,但是你不得不按证交会的规则去办事,不断地提交这类文件
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Well, we'll talk about that, but the point here is they can be false.
我们以后会慢慢讨论，但关键在于它们是可以证伪的。
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This is another example of off balance sheet accounting that was frustrating the rules of the SEC.
这也是重创证交会,所制定的规范的一个例子
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But the law--the SEC requires that they at least present the standard earnings definitions for all these things Now another--let me just mention off balance sheet accounting.
不过,证交会规定他们至少要披露,各项收益标准定义,另一个内容,表外业务会计核算
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The SEC--you have to decide-- you hear about public companies and private companies.
证交会...你必须选择...,你应该听说过上市公司和私营公司
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They'll say,you're behaving like a public company and you're not public.
证交会会说这是公共券商的行为,但你们不面向公众
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What Skinner--What Chomsky is raising here is the concern of unfalsifiablity.
乔姆斯基在这里提出了,对不可证伪性的质疑。
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The SEC and other regulators have to watch for this.
但证交会和其它监管机构监督此举
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If you are a public company, the important thing is you have to do all of the disclosure that Louis Brandeis would have liked; you have to file regular forms with the SEC, disclosing information.
作为一家上市公司,你必须公布所有必要信息,就像是路易斯·布兰代斯曾希望的那样,你必须定期向证交会上交文件,披露公司的信息
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The idea of falsifiability is that what distinguishes science from non science is that scientific predictions make strong claims about the world and these claims are of a sort that they could be proven wrong.
可证伪性是指,科学与非科学的区别在于,科学能够做出关于世界的有力预测,而这些预测是可以被证伪的。
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It's falsifiable.
它是可证伪的。
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You could not sell a security without giving a prospectus to the potential buyers and the prospectus would be something approved by the SEC.
没有招股说明书就不可以,出售证券给潜在买家,而且招股书需要通过证交会审核
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The idea, from the beginning at the SEC, was that insiders should not be allowed to trade on information that is not properly disclosed to the public.
证交会从成立开始就规定,局内人不得利用未公开披露的信息,进行内幕交易
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If they couldn't be proven wrong, they're not interesting enough to be science.
如果理论不能够被证伪，那它们就算不上科学。
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One reason is these are interesting and falsifiable claims about child development.
一个原因是,这些是关于儿童发展的,有趣且可证伪的论断
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Public securities are securities that the SEC will accept as suitable for the general public and private securities are securities that have not been vetted by the SEC for the general public.
公共券商是指那些经证交会审核通过,适于面向大众经营证券买卖的证券公司,而私募券商是指那些未经,证交会审查,面向大众的证券公司
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