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Some observers are concerned that complicated technical details, the sheer volume of work and possible legislative hurdles could delay ratification of a new START agreement.
VOA: standard.2009.04.02
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So for the reversible process, the work done is the integral under the pressure volume state function, the function of state.
对可逆过程，做的功,是压强体积态函数曲线下，的积分面积。
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Because we did work at constant pressure, and so it's just volume difference times pressure.
因为是在恒压下做功，所以功就等于体积变化乘以压力。
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Avogadro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Turin who did a lot of work on gas laws, understanding the number of gas particles in a given volume at a given temperature.
阿伏加德罗是一个化学教授,在都灵大学,他做了很多关于气体定律的研究，了解气体微粒,在特定的容量和温度下的数目。
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When I flail my arms around I generate work and heat. This is not a constant volume process.
这不是一个恒容过程,但如果我是一个系统，当我做这些的时候。
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This piston is being brought out, so we expect 0 the work to be negative, negative. And we start o V2 ut with zero volume. We end up with a volume p2 of V2, and the external pressure is constant to p2.
所以我们可以想象功是负的,开始的时候体积是,最终的容积是,外界的压力恒为。
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And the cycle it's going to undertake is called a Carnot cycle, and it works the following way: we're going to do pressure volume work.
它的循环过程,叫做卡诺循环，过程如下：,这是个压强体积系统。
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I also want to assume for our present purposes that there's only pressure volume work going on, which is to say I want to put pdV p dV in here minus p dV for dw.
同时假定,对于我们目前的目的而言，只有压强做功这就是说,我要把这里的dw替换为负。
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U It's u, because u is to q plus w right, heat and work, but it's adiabatic. So there's no heat, exchange with the environment, and it's constant volume, so there's no p dV work, right.
什么是零？是U，因为,等于q加w，热量和功，但这是绝热的，所以系统与环境间没有热量交换；,同时它是灯体的，所以也没有pdV形式的功。
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