We're not going to be studying it necessarily for how important it was for Medieval and Early Modern Literature, for example.
也不会研究它,对于中世纪及早期现代文学的重要性,等等。
They've got everything from like Roman things to Egyptian things, to Medieval English things.
这里收藏的东西从罗马到埃及,再到中世纪英国的东西,应有尽有。
This is one of the reasons why in the golden age of Arabic scholarship in the Middle Ages, there was so much dispute about the Poetics.
这就是为什么在,中世纪阿拉伯学术界的鼎盛时期,关于诗学有这么多争议。
Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.
现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化
It's really a remarkable thing that happens in the mid-century.
这确实是发生在中世纪不同寻常的事情。
Ever been to a medieval cathedral?
有去过中世纪教堂的吗
So medieval commentators for example began to speak a little bit more openly about some of these features.
所以,中世纪的注释者渐渐开始,提及这些特点。
They were the antecedents of the Serfs, which we will see later on in medieval history in europe.
他们是农奴的祖先,这段历史我们在中世纪的欧洲会涉及
then to the middle ages like St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas
然后再讲到中世纪的圣•奥古斯丁和托马斯•阿奎那,
The Middle Ages are rife with treatises on interpretation.
中世纪有很多关于解释的著作。
Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.
综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪
Unlike the ancient near eastern cities, these towns do not grow up around a temple or a marketplace, confluence of rivers as they do in medieval Europe.
和古代近东的城市不同,这些城邦不以庙宇或集市为中心来扩展的,也不像中世纪的欧洲那样以河流交汇点为中心
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