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Now the intervention studies are stronger methods than the epidemiology studies but they're also more difficult studies to do.
相比传染病学研究,干预性研究更有效,但也更难执行
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Okay, so let's talk about the example of smallpox, which is one of the world's great successes in the battle against infectious diseases.
我们现在来谈一谈天花,它是人类与传染病的斗争中,获得的一项伟大胜利
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And so you can see the pneumonia, tuberculosis, the communicable diseases, infectious diseases, for the most part, are taking the most lives at that point.
你可以看到肺炎,肺结核,传染病,感染性疾病,是夺走大多数人生命的主要原因
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It's literally global epidemic.
简直就是全球传染病。
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First of all, corpses and certain carcasses at are a source of ritual impurity: sara'at, which is this--we translate it "scale disease," it's been called leprosy. It's definitely not leprosy.
首先是尸体和一些动物的尸体,它们是仪式上不洁的一个来源，sara’,这个词我们翻译过来是“一种大规模的传染病“,也就是麻风病，事实上它并不是麻风病。
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So the problem of infectious disease prevention and treatment isn't solved yet, you know this, right?
传染病预防和治疗的问题,现在仍然没有解决,你们应该了解,对吧
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And so they're already very safe, very effective vaccines available for many infectious diseases.
所以这些疫苗非常安全有效,常备用来对付各种传染病
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What makes it so much better to be alive now in terms of your likelihood to die of an infectious disease than it did in London in 1665?
是什么让生活变得更好呢,从传染病死亡率的角度来讲,与1665年的伦敦相比
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The epidemiology studies are what a lot of our information comes from.
我们所知的大多数信息都是来自,传染病学研究
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If I happen to have some other infectious disease, then not only would you passing the protection to smallpox, but you'd be passing that disease among the population as well.
如果正好还有其他传染病,那不仅会传播对天花的免疫能力,也在人群中传播其它传染病
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You're not only spreading the infection.
你传播的不仅仅是特定一种传染病
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I'd like to give you examples of three of very famous epistudies on diet and health: The Framingham Heart Study, The Seven Country Study, and The Nurses' Health Study, and then we'll talk about some of the overall results from these sort of things.
我想给大家讲有关饮食与健康的关系的,三个著名传染病学研究实验,弗明汉心脏病研究,七国研究,以及护士健康研究,然后讲一下这些因素带来的一些总体影响
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So in a town that's the size of new Haven with a population of let's say 100,000 people in just the immediate New Haven area, there might be 20 of these instances of very severe form of polio per year, 20 crippled children would result.
在一个像纽黑文这么大的城市里,大约有十万人口,生活在纽黑文地区的人当中,每年可能就会有二十人,感染到这种急性传染病,可能会导致二十个孩子残疾
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It's an infectious disease; it is spread by--through the air.
它是一种传染病,通过空气传播
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But people died typically of either infectious diseases or they died during childbirth, or they might have died at old age which would have been 50 or so at that time.
那时的人要么死于传染病,要么在分娩的过程中死去,或者在他们大约五十岁左右的时候,死于衰老
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