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The Roman Senate, in the late part of the Republic-- yes--started dividing itself into two sort of parties; not official parties, but factions.
罗马元老院，共和国晚期。。。,分裂为两个派;,不是正规党派，只是小派系。
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they could be Trinidad and Tobago, they could be, you know, you name it.
它们可以叫特立尼达和多巴哥共和国，它们可以是……随你怎么叫它们。
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Then what I'm going to do for the last twenty or twenty-five minutes is talk about the Dutch Republic.
接下来在这节课最后的二十到二十五分钟内,我会讲些关于荷兰共和国的知识
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From the time they formed their republics until they were conquered by alien empires, the Greeks also rejected monarchy of any kind.
无论是在城邦共和国时期,还是在异国征服时期,希腊人一直排斥任何形式的君主政体
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And Machiavelli spent a good deal of his adult life in the service of the republic.
而马奇亚维利的成年时光,有一大部份花在这个共和国的公职上。
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Recently, in the Czech Republic, there was a proposal to increase the excise tax on smoking.
最近，捷克共和国，有一个增加香烟消费税的提案。
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How does this country end up being a Republic, the Third Republic, which has been castigated or been denounced because it seemed to fumble along?
为什么法国最后成为了一个共和国,即第三共和国,而第三共和国因治国无方,饱受职责和抨击
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What they cared about-- because the Roman Republic by this time was basically a bunch of very important households, wealthy men and their households, and they were the members of the Senate, they were the knight class, they were the people who ran Rome.
他们在乎的是。。。因为当时的罗马共和国,实际上就是一群举足轻重的家户，富有男子及其家户所组成，他们是元老院成员，是骑士阶级，罗马的统治者。
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Now in the middle years of the seventeenth century during the English revolution that saw the execution of the king and saw the establishment of a non-monarchic republican government, Milton had practically invented the formal language, the literary language, of insubordination.
7世纪中期,英国革命期间，国王被处决,一个非君主制的共和国政府建立了起来，弥尔顿实际上创造出了一套正式词汇，一套用来表述“反抗“的文学词汇。
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The population of the Dutch Republic increases between 1550 and 1650 to almost two million people.
荷兰共和国的人口也在1550零年,到1660年之间增长到了两百万人
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For the ancients, liberty meant living in a self-governing republic, living in a republic in which everyone again took some share in the ruling offices.
古人认为自由即意味着,生活在一个拥有自治权的共和国里，一个人人都有机会,治理国家的地方。
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It would be armed and expansive. Machiavelli's republic feeds on conflict, on war and conquest.
它将是尚武的充满扩张性的，马基雅维利的,共和国依赖冲突，战争和征服。
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Philip Morris, the tobacco company, does huge business in the Czech Republic.
烟草公司，菲利普·莫里斯公司，在捷克共和国的生意做得很大。
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Would be-- These would have been aristocratic republics at this stage of the game, and so there would have been a council of nobles that would typically have done it.
就是,这种制度,是贵族共和国的产物,所以拥有这一权利的,应是贵族议会
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Living in a republic alone doesn't guarantee you more freedom.
但有时即使是生在共和国里,也不一定能享有更多的自由。
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But when you look at the experience of Britain and the Dutch Republic, they do share things that, in a way, determine the kind of political economy that they would have.
但当你反观英国和荷兰共和国历史时,会发现他们都有一些共同点,在某种程度上,这些特点,决定了他们所具有的政治经济的类型
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They had to go from Italy, because much of Italy was controlled by Spain, through the Alps all the way up along the Rhine and finally get into the Dutch Republic.
他们不得不穿过意大利,因为当时许多意大利地区正由西班牙控制,他们从阿尔卑斯山一路,沿着莱茵河,最终深入荷兰共和国腹地
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The Greek city states called polis were republics.
古希腊称其共和国为,城邦
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But you might say just as Machiavelli broke with the dominant model of Christian universalism, so too did he reject the ancient model of the small, autonomous republican state.
但各位也可读到,当马奇亚维利打破,处于优势之基督普遍主义模式的同时，他也拒绝了,古代模式的，小型自治共和国。
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The Netherlands also resisted absolutism, and the Dutch Republic remained the Dutch Republic; although, for reasons that we'll see later, the Dutch Republic ceases to be a great power in the 18th century.
荷兰抵制绝对统治的政体,保留了共合制,然而,后面我们将说到,荷兰共和国在十八世纪没落了
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Outside the West, republics have been unknown.
西方之外,共和国的概念不为人知
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Okay, now let's paralleling what you've been reading let's look a little bit at the Dutch Republic at the Dutch Republic England and Britain all the time, because people talk about so let me talk about the Dutch Republic.
很好,结合你们的阅读资料,让我们看一下荷兰共和国,在荷兰共和国,因为人们老是在讨论英格兰和大不列颠,那么,就让我来谈谈荷兰共和国
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That, he says, has been our history and what it should say, what it doesn't quite say I think, is that it has been this history not because it is American but because it is a republic, because of its regime type, its regime character.
的共和国，他说，那已经成为了我们的历史,它应该被说成，我认为言下之意是,它已经成为这种历史并非因为它是美国人的,而是因为它是个共和国，因为,它的政权类型，它的政权性质。
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But,it was the longest republic and it lasts from, depending on when you start it-- and you can read about that-- whether you start it in 1875 or 1877, or when there really was a Republic, the early '80s-- it lasts until May,June 1940.
但这是一个持续时间最长的共和国,它持续了,取决于你如何判定它的开始时间,你可以在书上读到,从1875年还是1877年,还是从真正形成共和国,也就是从八十年代初开始,它持续到1940年六月
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After the fall of the republic and the return of the Medici to princely rule there, Machiavelli was exiled from the city, from politics to a small estate that he owned on the out skirts of the city.
共和国垮台之后,梅迪西,重新恢复君主政权，马奇亚维利遭到城市放逐，范围包括其政治权力,和他在城郊所拥有的一小块不动产。
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The Athenians and the Romans," he says, "were free, that is they were free commonwealths, not that any particular man had the liberty to resist his own representative but that his representative had the liberty to resist or invade other people."
霍布斯说，希腊人和罗马人都是自由的，因为他们身在自由的共和国里，他们单独的个体,是没有自由反抗他所选的代表的,但他所选的代表,却有抵抗或是入侵他人的自由“
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Or Augustus--he had taken the title Augustus by this time, which means "the great"--he himself said, "I transferred the Republic from my power to the dominion of the Senate and the people of Rome."
或者奥古斯都。。。当时他已经使用了这个头衔，意思是“尊崇“，他说，“我已将共和国重还给,元老院及罗马人民统治“
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And,so,France lurched into a period called The Moral Order, the Republic of the Moral Order.
所以,法国蹒跚进入了"道德秩序"的时代,道德秩序共和国
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Florence was a republic.
佛罗伦萨曾是一个共和国。
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First of all, it's not a coincidence that in both England and in the Dutch Republic you had, along with the city-states of Northern Italy, you had the largest percentage of middle-class population that you could find in Europe.
英国和荷兰共和国,以及北意大利的城邦,拥有全欧洲比例最大的中产阶级人群,这是有它的必然性的
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