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What are - this understanding of receptor-ligand interactions has been really the biological basis of much of the pharmaceutical industry.
受体-配体相互作用理论,现在已经成为很多,制药工业的生物学基础
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Western countries, and especially the United States say, "We have a big pharmaceutical industry that develops new drugs.
西方国家，尤其是美国宣称，我们拥有研发新药品的大制药业。
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This is another organic chemistry reagent, it's also used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry.
这也是一个有机化学试剂，而且还在制药业中广泛应用。
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Much of the work that pharmaceutical companies do in terms of searching for drugs is searching for new ligands that activate receptors and create biological responses inside cells.
很多制药公司新药筛选工作的主要内容,就是寻找能够激活受体的,新型配体,并在细胞内部产生某种生物学效应
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The big Pharma hasn't really done research for years but then he married in the biotech area and therefore biotech companies aren't that well run but they spent a great deal in research for the large molecule drugs.
大型制药企业已经很多年没有做过相关研究,但它却与生物技术领域合作,因此导致众多生物技术公司经业绩下降,但生物技术公司在大分子药物的研究上,却投入了很多。
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So, this is, in fact, what's used to make novacaine in industry.
因此，这实际上是，在制药业中用来制造奴佛卡因的。
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And eventually, the pharmaceutical industry gave in and said, "All right, you can do that."
最终，制药公司让步说，好吧，你们可以这样做“
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This is what's used in industry to actually make novacaine.
这就是在制药业中真正用来制造奴佛卡因的流程。
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And so there was a dispute and the pharmaceutical company sued the South African government to try to prevent their buying the cheap generic, as they saw it, pirated version of an AIDS drug.
因此这存在着纠纷,制药公司起诉了南非政府,以阻止他们购买这些低价的非专利药，在他们看来，这些都是盗版的艾滋病药。
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And the reason I was able to do that and keep with what my original intentions were was to have a career that was the fulfilling, in terms of helping people and being engaged in science, is all of a sudden I realized, as chemists, we can think about better ways to build molecules that are important for making medications.
我能够这么做,并且能不和我原来的打算冲突,是因为我的职业很有意义，能帮助他人，又和科学相关,于是突然我意思到，作为一个化学家,我们可以思考出更好的办法,制造出在制药方面十分有用的分子。
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