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It was granted a monopoly on joint stock banking by Parliament in return for giving war loans to the government.
作为向政府给予战争贷款的交换,英格兰银行被英国国会授予,成为股份制银行的垄断者。
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In fact, our own Senator Christopher Dodd has a bill in Congress right now to bring back the HOLC, basically.
事实上,参议员克里斯托弗·多德,已向国会提交了议案,意思就是要求恢复房主贷款公司
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Because he was warning Congress that there was problems down the roads, especially with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
因为他之前就向国会发出警告,说现行做法存在问题，特别是房地美和房利美。
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I don't know what it takes to replicate that in China, but I certainly hope one day there will be a place in China that looks like Silicon Valley.
无法想象如何在中国复制一个硅谷，但我希望在将来,中国会有类似硅谷的地方。
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Now, you did have, in many of these countries, diets, or parliaments, or some representative bodies.
在很多绝对主义国家里,都设有国会,议会,或者是其他代议机构
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Because not only the NSA homeland security, the governors, members of congress, cabinet officers.
因为不仅仅国家安全顾问,国土安全，政府官员，国会议员，内阁官员都想见总统。
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Because at the whim of the king, or for that matter, of the parliament, we can name you or you to give up your property or to give up your life.
因为这样的话，国王就可以随心所欲，在这种情况下，就是国会可以随心所欲，让你们中的任何人放弃财产，或放弃生命。
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To take the American case for example, does it mean that something like the presidency, the congress and the court can be discerned ? within the soul of every American citizen?
举美国为例，是否透过,总统制、国会及法庭等,就可以辨别,每位美国公民的灵魂？
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And more immediately, this weekend, as all of you are thinking the most event in the world was whatever was happening in Congress to do with Iraq, actually, the most important event in the world was taking place in England where my favorite team, portsmouth, were playing Kaj, the head TA's favorite team, Liverpool.
再举个最近的例子吧,比如这周末,在场的各位都觉得世界上最重要的事,是国会对伊拉克采取何种行动,但我觉得最重要的事发生在英格兰,我最喜爱的足球队,朴茨茅斯队,对抗助教长卡茄最喜爱的利物浦队
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If you go to look at congressional discussion of tax rates, you won't see risk management mentioned very often.
如果你看过国会有关税率的讨论，就会发现“风险管理“出现的频率并不高。
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At these conferences, they decide on a recommended or uniform insurance regulation policy and it acts a little bit like a Congress.
在会议上,他们就统一监管政策或者建议达成决议,它的运作有点像国会
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I want to roll the dice a little bit more in this situation What was Congressman Frank thinking?
我想在让他们更进一步,在这种情况下,国会议员弗兰克为什么这么说？
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That's my colleague, Ronit Walny, and I, we're posing in front of the Parliament Building in Oslo.
那是我的同事，罗内特·沃尼和我，这张照片摄于奥斯陆的国会大楼前。
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Congress said, finally--I think wisely--in 1986, that we don't want to create rules that encourage people to do a different sort of business just to evade taxes.
最终,国会在1986年明智地提出,我们不想制定法规,鼓励人们仅仅为了避税,而尝试不同的赚钱方式
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So, you have these diets and you have these parliaments, but one of the characteristics of absolute rule is that you don't have to call these bodies because the king is the big person.
所以,虽然设有国会,议会,绝对主义国家的特点之一,就是君主不必召开这些代议机构,因为他一人说了算
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They get to vote for congress.
他们都有权选举国会议员。
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Wal-Mart, after the 1960 Act of Congress, would say, hey we're a real estate investment trust, we own real estate--all these stores -but that's not what the intent of this bill was.
国会通过这部法案后,沃尔玛说我也是房地产投资信托基金,我也持有房地产,所有店铺都是房地产,但这并不是这部法案的本意
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The FHA is still with us and we just had an FHA Modernization Act; Congress is starting to propel that forward I wanted to say a little bit about the math of mortgages.
联邦住宅管理局还在,我们有联邦住宅管理局现代化法,国会正在进一步实施这个法案,我想讲一点抵押贷款的数学知识
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They didn't want flippers; they didn't want the company that's speculating in real estate, they want it to be a holder of real estate.
国会不希望投资者快进快出,不希望他们在房地产市场投机,而是希望他们是房地产的持有人
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Congressman Barney Frank of Massachusetts speaking in 2003 quote I would like to get Fannie and Freddie more deeply into helping low income houses.
国会议员，巴尼，弗兰克,马萨诸塞州议员，2003年说,我想让房利美和房地美，“,更深入地,帮助低收入者。
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Congress had to make a distinction between these and corporations and it's kind of a subtle distinction because there are lots of corporations that own real estate.
国会必须把它和公司区分开来,这种差别很微妙,因为很多公司也持有房地产
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Congress thought that these people could be given more money to operate if someone would buy the mortgages from them, so Fannie Mae started doing that in 1938.
国会认为若从他们那买走抵押贷款,他们就有更多资金去发放贷款,因此房利美从1938年开始运作
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The first wave was in the 1960s and, at that time, Congress had limits-- state governments had limits on the interest that savings banks could pay people on their accounts.
在20世纪60年代,那时候国会限制了...,各州政府给储蓄银行,设定了账户利率的支付上限
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SIPC was set up by an act of Congress.
证券投资者保护公司依国会法案设立
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We need--and there's a lot of talk in Congress right now -we need to think about new regulations that protect individuals, much like the regulations that the HOLC and the FHA made.
现在国会里有很多人都在讨论这个问题,我们需要思考关于,能用来保护个人权益的新法规,像房主贷款公司和联邦住宅管理局的制度
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The fact that I have one, you know, five hundred thousandth of the vote for one representative in congress is not the same thing as my having the ability to decide for myself how to use my property rights.
事实是，我只有一张选票，50万选民才票选出,一位国会议员,这与我能自己决定如何行使我的财产权,是两回事。
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the economy begins to recover, and then Hoover and the Congress decided what to do to fix things and they immediately make things worse, and Franklin Roosevelt comes in and keeps fixing it and keeps fixing it and keeps fixing it and the thing is bad bad bad.
经济开始复苏，然而胡佛和国会,却决定开始干预,并且他们一出手就把事情弄得很糟，然后富兰克林上任,不断再修理,不断修理不断修理,情况还是很糟糕很糟糕。
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A thousand economists, from leading universities across the country sign a public appeal to congressman and president, not to pass this bill, that it would not do what they said it would do, it would not reduce unemployment, it would in fact lead to retaliation it would make it harder for Americans to sell goods to other countries.
但有数千位经济学家，来自于全国各大院校,向国会和总统公开发出呼吁，不要通过限制进口法案，法案不会奏效，法案不会减少失业，事实上会招致报复,会让美国更难,同别国做交易。
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In 1934, after the failure -it was actually created by Congress in 1933 and went into business in '34.
934年,金融危机后,确切来说,1933年国会批准设立FDIC,于1934年正式启动
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Well in a sense, the other thing that happened was, in 1934, Congress set up the Federal Housing Administration--FHA.
另一件事发生在1934年,国会建立了联邦住宅管理局,即FHA
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