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Now the first law is going to hold in all of these steps, and we're going around in a cycle.
现在热力学第一定律,就蕴含在这所有的步骤里了，我们沿着这个循环走。
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And that's also how people find ways to break the second law, because somehow they've messed up on what their system is.
这就说明了某些人是如何想到办法,“打破“第二定律的，因为他们以各种方式搞错了,他们的系统的定义。
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And so this is really a mechanical term, if you like, and this is electrostatic or coulombic.
所以说这真算是一个力学问题，你愿意的话，也可以说它是,静电学或库仑定律方面的问题。
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When we did the spring, we had this theory of Hooke's Law that told us something, and we built a simulation, or built some tools around that theory.
当我们写弹簧程序的时候,我们有胡克定律来告诉我们原理，然后我们建立了一个仿真模型，或者说是在这个理论基础上建立了一些工具。
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And every physical object, or every purely physical object, is subject to deterministic laws because the laws of physics are deterministic.
而每个物理实体 或者说每个纯粹的物理实体,都遵从着确定性的定律,因为物理定律是确定性的
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It's one thing to plug in all the numbers and say, "I know Newton's laws and I know how they work."
我们平时只是把数字代进公式,然后说,"我懂牛顿定律,也知道怎么使用"
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Imagine waking up every morning and saying to yourself: "I refuse to accept the law of gravity.
想象每天早上醒来后对自己说：,“我拒绝接受万有引力定律。
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That's a fairly common-sense idea, but it's important to define it, and I call that the common-sense law.
十分常识性的概念，但定义它非常重要，所以我叫它“常识定律“
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That would that would give rise to a perpetual motion machine, breaking of the second law. It can't happen.
否则就会使,得永动机出现，打破第二定律那是不可能的。
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And we combine this with first law, which for the case of pressure volume changes we write as this.
结合第一和第二定律,对于压强体积功我们可以这样写。
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And I'm going to call this the you can break even law; you can break even law.
我叫它,你能保本定律“,你不会失去能量。
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There are certain laws such that, given that the computer's in this state, it must necessarily move in that state.
存在那样的某些定律,假定电脑处在这种状态,它一定会变为那种状态
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Hess' Law states that for any chemical reaction, the energy change is path independent.
盖斯定律表明，对于任意化学反应，能量变化并非是路径依赖的。
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Suppose Newton comes to you and says, "I have this great law, but I don't want to publish it under my name.
假如牛顿对你说,"我发现了这个伟大的定律,但我不想以我的名义发表
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The point of Newton is, two things in the Law of Inertia, which one may think is trivial.
牛顿的观点是,惯性定律分两部分,可能有人觉得这种分法无关紧要
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It's one thing to know your place in the universe, or to know the fundamental laws of physics.
知道自己在宇宙中的位置，或知道物理的基本定律是一回事。
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And we are going to use the Pauli Exclusion Principle and we are going to use the fact that we fill from lower energy to higher energy.
我们将会用到泡利不相容定律,而且我们准备利用这个事实,那就是我们从低能级到高能级填充。
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So he grabbed his thermometer, and went and made a couple of measurements and discovered the first law of thermodynamics.
所以他拿来了温度计，进行测量,后来就发现了热力学第一定律。
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And the bigger lesson from that is that entropy, unlike energy u or enthalpy H, we could define an absolutely number for it.
热力学第三定律的一个更重要的推论是,与内能和自由焓不同，我们可以给上定义一个绝对的数值。
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Your plant is going to blow up, because the ideal gas law works only in very small range of pressures and temperatures for most gases.
理想气体定律,只在一个很小的压强,与温度的范围内适用。
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So thermodynamics, based on these four laws now, requires an edifice, and it's a very mature science, and it requires that we define things carefully.
热力学是一座，建立在这四条定律上的大厦,它是一门非常成熟的科学，也要求我们在定义东西时非常小心。
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This is an abstract and powerful mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics.
这是热力学第一定律的一个抽象,而且具有很强数学性的表述。
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So these empirical observations then are summarized into four laws.
这些经验性的观察,被总结成四条定律。
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And these are words that are very meaningful when you read the text of a problem or of a process Any questions before we got to the zeroth law?
这些词汇会非常有意义,在我们进入第零定律前,有没有什么问题,我们差不多已经，讲完了？
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dU=CvdT So du is still going to be equal to Cv dT, and we're still going to be able to use the first law, all these things don't matter where the path is.
于是，第一定律也依旧成立，这些关系都与路径无关。
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So, thermo is also a big tease, as you can see from my descriptions of these laws here.
因此，热力学也是个大玩笑，从我下面对,这些定律的描述。
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And so the next thing you do is you call up a journal and say I've discovered a fundamental law of nature.
下一步你做的事是打电话给一个杂志,并宣称你发现了一条自然界的基础定律。
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Great. So now we have this ideal gas thermometer, and out of this ideal gas thermometer, also comes out the ideal gas law.
好，现在我们有了理想气体温度计,由此还可以引出理想气体定律，我们可以得到这条，插值出的直线的斜率。
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So, over the last few lectures we've worked and struggled so formulate the second and third laws of thermodynamics in addition to the first.
在前几次课中,我们通过努力明确的,给出了热力学,第一，第二和第三定律。
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Fairly powerful statement, and that's another form of the first law of thermodynamics.
这是一个相当有用的表述,是热力学第一定律的另外一种形式。
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