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But that no particular stock is more or less likely to outperform the market, because all the information is incorporated in the price.
但是没有那一种特殊的股票是,最有可能比市场平均表现更好的，因为所有信息都是包含在价格上的。
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This is not a perfectly competitive market, but if it were, that's where price is going to end up.
这个案例的情况不是完全竞争市场,但是如果是,这个就是最终的价格
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You've got to do it so you're right in the middle, so that the market is in the middle.
所以只能以均衡价格交易,而市场价就是均衡价格
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So, if we want to get more magnesium into the marketplace at an affordable price, not by government edict, what do we have to do?
所以如果我们想把更多的镁,投诸市场，并让它保持在一个不太昂贵的价格，而且不靠政府法令，我们应该怎样做？
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Distorting price signals , making it impossible for the market to respond as it otherwise would have .
扭曲价格信息，让市场无法正常反应,无法在正常市场机制下运行。
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When a stock is first listed in the market, it comes with some price.
当股票在市场中出现的时候，它就会有一个价格。
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Agriculture subsidies in the European Union affect the politics of subsidies here and that affects the costs of food and what we pay for them at the market.
欧盟对农业的补贴政策影响了,美国的政策,进而影响了食品的价格,而在市场上我们会为此付出代价
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So if Pepsi is the low price drink in the market then no Coke is sold at all.
如果在市场上百事可乐的价格较低,可口可乐就卖不出去
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well, that's the way Wall Street works or at least a -some people say markets are efficient and stock prices incorporate all information.
华尔街就是这么运作的,一些人认为市场是有效的,股票价格是各种信息的综合体现
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That's $1 more than it costs now in the market, so the options are worthless unless the price of the stock goes up.
这样每股就要比市场价多花费一美元,除非股票价格增长了,否则这个期权就是没有价值的
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So new and a competitive fringe of firms is going to enter and drive prices down.
大批新公司的进入引入了竞争机制,压低了市场价格
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It has to stay relevant to the market, so nobody really knows where these interest rates come from because no one person sets them.
交易价格必须与市场价格一致,因此没有人能确定,利率的决定过程,因为个人无法决定利率
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However, then I'll have the whole market, it's as if I'm a monopolist but suddenly I'm pricing above the monopoly price, that can't be right.
但是,占有整个市场,相当于我是个垄断企业,但是我的价格却高于垄断价格,那是不正确的
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In a perfectly competitive market that's exactly where prices are going to end up.
在完全竞争市场中,这就是最终的市场价格
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You can see that the stock market has been more volatile than the earnings and the price of a share is many times higher than the earnings per share.
你可以看到,股票市场波动性大于其收益,每股价格往往是,每股收益的几倍之多
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So it started to drift and people started to think I think a guinea is worth more than twenty shillings and the market price drifted up to twenty-one shillings.
所以，它的价值开始波动，人们开始考虑,我认为一个几尼的价值多于二十个先令的价格,于是市场价格就上升到二十一先令的价值上去了。
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If they're not at the competitive output they could undercut price and take the entire market.
如果他们不按照完全竞争产量生产,就可以通过降低价格来抢占市场
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In particular, we find that prices in the market are equal to marginal cost.
特别是,我们发现这个市场下的价格等于边际成本
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I'll need to tell you about how prices are determined in this market.
接下来我们还得知道如何制定市场价格
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A futures market has a prediction going out years into the future of what every financial variable will be doing, so you can see the future in a sense through the futures prices.
一个期货交易市场,预测了未来几年,每个金融变量的变化,因此,在某种意义上,你们可以通过期货价格分析未来市场
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So there's a panic in the market for securitized mortgages - and the price is often very low or if it's they're very hard to market and hard to sell.
所以，在市场上,证券化按揭贷款引起了恐慌,并且价格通常很低或者说如果它,他们很那出售而且对市场不利。
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All right, so if the other guy is pricing above costs, I want to set prices below his so that I steal the whole of the market and make profits on those sales.
正确,如果对手定价比成本高,我就想定价比他的价格低,这样我就可以占领整个市场,并获得销售利润
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In one model we thought of the firms setting quantities and the market determining prices, and here we have the firms setting prices and the market determining quantities, but the basic underlying economic structure of this is very, very similar.
在前一个模型我们假设公司设定产量,而市场决定价格,在本模型中我们假设公司设定价格,而市场决定产量,但基本的经济结构是非常,非常相似的
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So here's the other issue, there's a price in this market, we might want to think of as the kind of focal price as an interesting price, and that's the price at which, the price I would choose were I the monopolist.
另外一个问题是,市场中有一个价格,可以理解为一种焦点价格,一个有趣的价格,这个价格是,我作为垄断企业时所选择的价格
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In many cases that is not the right way to think about futures prices, but there are very important futures markets that--In the next lecture I want to talk about the various kinds of futures markets that matter.
在许多情况下,我们不应该去,分析期货价格,但我们的期货交易市场很重要...,下节课我会讲,各种不同的期货交易市场
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This time, however, instead of setting quantities, instead of just deciding how much Coke and Pepsi to produce and spewing it out in the market and letting prices take care of themselves, this time the firms are going to set prices and let quantities take care of themselves.
这次不是规定产量,上次是确定,可口可乐和百事可乐的产量,运到市场上销售,并让价格自主的浮动,而这次,公司将要预先设定价格,并让产量自动调节
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In recent years, there have been more examples of things that are priced too high than things that are priced too low but there are both and the market makes mistakes in both directions.
在最近的几年里，有更多的例子表明,市场价格是偏高了而不是被偏低了,但是其实两种现象都存在,同时市场也在两个方向上都犯了错误。
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And notice that if Pepsi has priced above the monopoly price, suppose Pepsi has priced this good so high that it's above the monopoly price, then, as the gentleman said, I can capture the whole market by pricing just below Pepsi.
注意如果百事设定的价格高于垄断价格,假设百事把价格定得太高了以至于,高于垄断价格,那么像那位先生说的,我可以用低于百事的价格来占领整个市场
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So basically what I'm going to do here is I'm going to set my price to equal his price, minus a little bit, I'll just undercut him a little bit and by just undercutting him a little bit, I'm going to get the whole of the market and I'll make as much money as I can on those sales.
所以基本上我要做的是,设定我的价格等于他的价格,减去一点点,我的价格将仅仅比他的低一点点,并且通过比他的价格低一点点,我将占领整个市场,那些销售带给我尽可能多的钱
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So if P1 is less than P2--so if they're the low price firm-- if Coke is the low price firm, only Coke sells in the market.
如果P1小于P2,公司1的价格较低,如果可口可乐的价格较低,市场上将只销售可口可乐
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