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You see, in the previous empires, like the Assyrian Empire, or these kinds of-- the Egyptian Empire, when people conquered other peoples, often all they wanted was tribute.
之前的各个帝国，比如亚述帝国，或者埃及帝国-,当他们战胜其他民族时，往往只是觊觎贡品。
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The Russian empire was rather like Charlemagne's empire in 800 in the coronation at Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle and all of that.
沙皇俄国倒是非常像查理曼帝国,即公元800年在亚琛加冕称王的查理曼帝国
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To be a king, one need merely put forth one's regal state, one simply needs to act kingly.
欲称王，只需要有帝国的疆域，言行举止好似一个王就可。
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Obviously, World War One is-- unleashes the demons of the twentieth century; nobody could have anticipated that all these empires would collapse.
很明显,一战,释放了二十世纪的恶魔,没人能料到,那些帝国会分崩离析
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So, the citadel and the farmland surrounding it, make up fundamentally the unit which is the Mycenaean kingdom.
因此,以城堡和周围的农田为根基,组成了称为迈锡尼帝国的文明
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and at some point I'm sure there was a question of cultural imperialism involve.
我相信，在某些时候,文化帝国主义确实存在过。
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The idea of The Matrix is explicitly built upon Cartesian— Descartes' worries about an evil demon.
黑客帝国》的创意,完全基于笛卡尔的哲学,笛卡尔对于恶灵的忧虑
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The Holy Roman Empire, as it was known in the time of Machiavelli, was the successor to the ancient Roman state, the older Roman Empire.
神圣罗马帝国，是马奇亚维利那年代的称号，那是古罗马国的继承者，即较古老的罗马帝国。
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Archaeologists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were stunned to find the ruins and the records of remarkable peoples and cultures--massive, complex empires in some cases, but some of which had completely disappeared from human memory.
十九和二十世纪的考古学家们,震惊地发现了,古代伟大名族和文化的遗迹，有些还是大规模，复杂的帝国遗迹,但也有一些就完全从人类记忆中消失了。
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And similarly, while we're at it--this is not a Matrix-like worry-- if you're worried about, yeah, but what's happening ? to world poverty while I'm doing all of this?
大家不必担心《骇克帝国》的情景-,如果你担心，当我接受实验时,国际贫困情况是否会恶化？
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Maybe someday the British--United Kingdom-- something will happen to it, it will fall apart or change, but that is so distant in the future that we can disregard that, so we'll take that as forever.
或许有人会说英国,大英帝国,总会有突发事件发生,政权会发生改变,但至少现阶段不会改变,我们可以忽视它,因此我们就认为它是永久存在的了
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Because whenever we say,"Asia Minor," we're talking about that section around the Mediterranean that now is called Turkey. But it was called Asia Minor, generally,in the Roman Imperial Period.
因为当我们说到“小亚细亚“,指的便是地中海附近,现在那里叫土耳其，但在罗马帝国时代，它通常被称为小亚细亚。
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Because, after all, European Russia is part of Europe and will have an enormous influence on Asian affairs as well.
毕竟俄帝国的欧洲部分也是欧陆的一部分,它也将会在亚洲事务方面,产生极大影响
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When a slave is freed--and in the Ancient World, in the Roman Empire, most slaves were eventually freed, - unless they just died before long-- they became a freed man.
当一名奴隶被释放。。。在古罗马帝国，几乎所有奴隶最终都会被释放，除非他们很早就去世-,成为脱离奴隶身份的人。
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But it's important for understanding both the Roman Empire, as well as early Christianity and its patron-client relations.
这对了解罗马帝国，早期基督教，及其庇护关系很有帮助。
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This was why Christianity and other things were able to spread so easily, why Paul was able to travel around the empire.
所以基督教及其他信息,能传播地如此迅速，所以保罗能够周游帝国。
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And by this time Mark Antony had palled up with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and Octavian beat both of them, and he became the sole ruler of the empire in 27 BCE.
安东尼与埃及女王克利奥帕特拉先后自杀，屋大维击败了他们两人，于公元前27年成为了帝国的独裁者。
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But if you were going to be elite-- he wanted to establish cities throughout his empire that would be actually Greek cities, and he wanted to have the elite people all be able, at least, to speak Greek.
但是如果要成为精英阶层-,他要求帝国里的所有城市,都建为希腊式城市，要求所有精英阶层至少能够，说希腊语。
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Within his own lifetime, Aristotle would see Athens, Sparta, and the other great cities of Greece swallowed up by the great Macedonian Empire to the north.
在他有生之年，亚里士多德看到雅典，斯巴达，和其它重要的希腊城市,被北方的,马其顿帝国并吞。
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So, the rise and fall of empires is obviously a theme of this course.
因此,帝国的兴衰,显然是这门课关注的主题之一
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I think there is an essential sort of imperialism.
我认为有这样一种本质帝国主义的存在。
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After his death, his empire was divided up among his generals, and after some fighting and maneuvering and negotiations, four successors to Alexander the Great finally ended up splitting up his large empire into four smaller empires.
亚历山大死后，他的帝国被部下瓜分，经过数场战争，谋略及谈判，四位亚历山大大帝的继业者,最终将他庞大的帝国分割为四个部分。
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There can be no relations of trust in a large, imperial despotism.
那样的社会可以不需信任的关系,存在于大型，帝国的专制之中。
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These Germanic and other tribes, who were largely located north and northeast of Europe, came down--I should say not Europe, but the Roman Empire-- came down and ultimately destroyed it by invasion.
那些日耳曼部落和其他部落,主要位于欧洲北部和东北部,的入侵,我应该说不是位于欧洲,而是位于罗马帝国,入侵并且完全摧毁了罗马帝国
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He should have asked another question, which empire?
他应该问另外一个问题,哪个帝国
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The barriers to unity presented by European geography and very limited technology made it hard for a would-be conqueror to create a vast empire, eliminating competitors and imposing his will over vast areas.
由于欧洲独特的地理条件,和当时有限的科技水平,使未来的征伐者很难建立一个广袤的帝国,清除异己和使他的意志,传播到广袤领地的每一个角落
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The State can provide these services.
帝国可以提供这些公共设施服务
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He wants to build a capital city.
他还打算修建新的帝国首都
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