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And his father was a democrat but not a Bolshevik; so, he was anti-czarist, but he was not a Bolshevik.
他的父亲是民主党人而非布尔什维克党人;,他反对沙皇，但他并不是布尔什维克党人。
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The Russian empire was rather like Charlemagne's empire in 800 in the coronation at Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle and all of that.
沙皇俄国倒是非常像查理曼帝国,即公元800年在亚琛加冕称王的查理曼帝国
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The family left Russia in 1919. So, the revolution, I think, starts in 1917. And things are quite complex in those early days, so there's more than one anti-czarist factor.
他们在1919年乘飞机离开的，改革，应该始于1917年，早期的时候非常复杂,不止是因为反对沙皇。
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You had to manifest strength, and firmness, and bravery, and worthy deeds that would be recognized as being real deeds by contemporaries.
沙皇要展现出雄才武略 刚强坚毅,勇敢无畏,并且在史书写满功绩,能被当代人看做不世之功
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Think of all the insurrections or all the people who followed false czars to utter slaughter in Russia.
想想那些在俄罗斯追随,追随假沙皇起义的人们［对贵族］的屠杀
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The state was an abstraction, but in the person of the czar it was a reality.
国家" 只是个抽象概念,但沙皇这个人是真实存在的
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Peter the Great had an enormous ambivalence about his role and his image as a czar.
即彼得大帝的一言一行,很不符合沙皇的身份
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He once said that if he wasn't the czar of all the Russians, what he would want to be would be an English admiral.
他曾经说过,如果他不是俄国人的沙皇,他会做个英国的海军上将
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He was capable, and there are a lot of paintings of him dressing up and playing the role of a czar, dressing in fancy clothes.
彼得大帝有将帅之才,在很多绘画里,他都衣着光鲜,很符合沙皇的身份
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Yet there's an enhanced sense of obligation to the czar of all the Russian people.
但每个俄国人对沙皇效忠的意愿,却被加强了
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In the nineteenth century the Russian czars are still trying to get there as well.
直到十九世纪,沙皇仍然在想方设法争夺黑海
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You didn't have to go to some fancy school if you were a czar, to be a czar in training. You had tutors as all these folks did.
如果你是沙皇,你不需要读什么贵族学校,沙皇太子有私人导师,所有的太子都有
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But after one of Peter's victories, the Russian ambassador in Vienna reported that the news of Peter's victory, people began to fear the czar as they formerly feared Sweden.
但在彼得的一场大胜后,俄国驻维也纳大使,报告了彼得取胜的消息,人们开始惧怕沙皇,就如同他们先前惧怕瑞典一样
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There were no strict rules for the succession of the czar.
当时还没有严格的沙皇继承制度
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His father was a democrat in czarist Russia, and he was quite a reformer. At the time that the Bolsheviks took over in 1919, there was a brief window of time prior to the family's flight.
他的父亲在沙皇俄国是一个民主党人，他是一个改革家，当时布尔什维克党在1919年统治者俄国,他们家在那之后很快就离开俄国。
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And Catherine the Great-- they all like to call themselves "The Great"-- She would make this an important part of her policy, but she doesn't get there either.
凯瑟琳大帝,沙皇都喜欢称自己为"大帝"-,她将黑海列为重要政策,然而她也未能如愿
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Then when you see these portraits of him, he looks very czar-like.
当你看到他的画像时,你会发现他很有沙皇的气质
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But the fact that Peter was a czar and was rather scary in his temperament, because he had a rather bad temper, too, meant that he could be alarming.
而彼得大帝是沙皇,加上发起怒来十分可怕,因为他暴躁易怒,人们畏惧他
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He promulgates decrees as czar about daily life.
他也以沙皇之尊颁布有关日常生活的法令
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Being a czar was a busy job.
沙皇是很辛苦的
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You have to do the work.
作为沙皇要做实事
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As I said, in some context last time, how many Russian peasants died in the 1890s thinking, "Oh my god, if the Czar only knew that we're starving, how angry he would be with his officials."
就像我在上一讲提到的,有多少死于1890年代的俄国农民会想,"上帝啊,要是沙皇知道我们在挨饿就好了,他该对手下的官员发多大的火啊"
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If Hughes is correct, this is part of him saying that being a czar is more than just dressing up, and playing the role, and going to fancy dances, and hanging around with fancy people who don't do a damn thing.
如果休斯是对的,他的这一部分性格说明了,作为沙皇不仅仅要衣着华丽,扮演沙皇的角色 参加华丽的舞会,和贵族上层一起消磨时光,整日无所事事
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The best example I can think of offhand, I should let this wait, but Peter the Great, the czar of the Russians, who may or may not have beaten his son to death, at least he ordered him tortured.
我现在临时能想到的最好的例子,就是沙皇彼得大帝,本来要等会再说的,彼得大帝是否判处了自己儿子死刑 还有争论,但至少他曾下令用酷刑折磨他的儿子
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Another point about this sort of ambivalence about being czar is that he often made a point of choosing his most trusted advisors from the ranks of commoners and gave them the right to become titled after a certain amount of time after a certain amount of time in the royal bureaucracy.
他作为沙皇矛盾的另一点是,他最信任的顾问,常常是从普通民众中选出来的,而且经过一段时间后,他会在皇家官僚机构中给他们一个头衔
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