And according to Klawans and others, ritual impurity arises from physical substances and states which are not in themselves sinful.

据克洛文和其他人所说，仪式的不洁是由自身有罪的,物质和状态引起的。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

If you have a large number of atoms in an aggregate, it is going to require that the substance turn solid and condense at room temperature.

如果有很多原子进行聚集，在室温下,会使的物质转变成固体状态。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

That is, in terms of equations of state. For any material Then we would really be able to essentially calculate anything. Anything thermodynamic.

换句话说，利用任何一种物质的状态方程,我们就能够实质上,计算所有物理量，所有热力学量。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Your body has elaborate mechanisms for maintaining this state of homeostasis, that is, things staying the same; the body stays the same, homeostasis.

你的身体有许多精妙的机制,来维持内稳态,也就是说体内物质不改变,身体状态不改变,这就是内稳态

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So Klawans notes in the article you read that the physical substances and states that are labeled impure and are therefore designated as antithetical to the realm of holiness are states that are associated with death on the one hand, and procreation on the other. Why should this be?

克洛文对你们现在读到的文章有过这样的说明,那些被贴上不洁标签,然后被认为和神圣的领域相对立的物质和状态,一方面来说都和死亡有关系，而另一方面和生殖有关，这是怎么回事呢？

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

So, you assign values to very specific states of matter and call those the reference points for your temperature. For instance, freezing of water or boiling of water, the standard ones.

那么你对物质的,某些特殊状态指定数值,把它们叫做你的温度的参考点,比如水的冰点或沸点,它们都是标准。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

But because in many cases we can reasonably either model or measure equations of state, collect data for a material for its temperature, pressure, volume relations, then in fact if we can relate all these quantities to those then in fact we really can calculate essentially all of the thermodynamics. For the material.

但是因为在很多情况下,我们能够合理的给出状态方程的模型,或者通过收集一个物质的，温度，压强和体积之间的关系,来测量其状态方程，所以实际上我们可以给出压强等物理量,和热力学势之间的关系,并计算出所有的热力学势，对于给定的物质。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选