The electronic configuration, all it is is the shorthand notation for that one electron approximation for the Schrodinger equation for lithium.
电子构型就是,对于锂的薛定谔方程,的单电子近似的,简化形式。
Let's look at the energetics of one of those electrons crashing into a hydrogen atom inside the gas tube.
我们一起来考察一下,其中的一个电子的能量,在阴极射线管中,撞击到氢原子上。
That might seem confusing if you're thinking about particles, but remember we're talking about the wave-like nature of electrons.
如果你们把它想成是一个粒子的话是很矛盾的,但记住我们这里说的,是电子的波动性。
For the most part, they play electronic something.
他们大都玩电子类的东西,像电子游戏啊之类的。
What is the energy of the electron, the energy of this electron accelerating from rest and crashing into the anode here?
什么是电子的能量,电子能量由其他部分增大,撞击进入阳极?
OK, elements with low average valence electron energy, and here I'm saying below 11 electron volts, these are good electron donors.
平均价电子能都较低的元素,我是指那些低于11电子伏的,这些是很好的电子给体。
The positive force of attraction of the electrons on the outside is greater and greater, and that pulls everything in.
所以对外层电子的吸引力,会越来越强,把电子们都向内吸引。
So a plus two ion means that we're removing two electrons from the atom and the electrons that we're going to remove are always going to be the highest energy electrons.
一个2价正离子,我们要移除的两个电子,我们要移除的两个电子,将会是,最高能量的电子。
Likewise, the element that is a good electron acceptor in an electron transfer reaction is going to be the element that is going to hog the electrons in a covalent bond.
同样的,这个元素在一个电子转移反应中,是个很好的受赠者它将成为在共价电子,中吸引电子的元素。
So, in contrast, if it has a low electronegativity, this then is going to be an electron donor.
那么,相反地,如果它的电负性很低,它将会是一个电子的施主。
And again, we can define what that most probable radius is, that distance at which we're most likely to find an electron.
同样的,我们可以定义最可能距离,在这里找到电子的概率最大。
So you might ask in terms of when you're writing electron configurations, which way should you write it.
所以你们可能会问当你们,在写电子构型的时候,在写电子构型的时候。
If we have too much gas in here, in other words, if the gas is at too high a pressure, the collisions with the gas molecules will consume the energy of the electrons and, again, we will see nothing.
假设这里有过多气体,换句话说,如果气体处在一个高压状态下,气体分子间的碰撞将会消耗,电子的能量,同样,什么也没有。
An electron. So now we have the complete description of an electron within an orbital.
电子,现在我们有了一个,轨道上的电子的完备描述。
So, using our simple valence bond theory, what we would expect is that we want to pair up any unpaired electrons in methane with unpaired electrons from hydrogen and form bonds.
利用简单的价电子成键理论,我们预计,要把所有甲烷中没有配对的电子,和氢原子中没有配对的电子配对来形成键。
And then we said you can also achieve octet stability and electron transfer if you look at elements that are just a little bit rich of electrons versus octet stability or a little bit lean of electrons.
然后我们说你还能达到8电子稳态,以及电子的转移,如果你看看,那些电子较多的元素,违背8偶律,或者有一点缺电子。
So you can see that we're starting to have a very complicated equation, and it turns out that it's mathematically impossible to even solve the exact Schrodinger equation as we move up to higher numbers of electrons.
所有你们可以看到我们得到了,一个非常复杂的方程,结果是它在数学上是,不可能解出确定的,薛定谔方程,当我们考虑更高的电子数目的时候。
So, for example, for sodium, we can instead write neon and then 3 s 1.
所以举例来说对于钠其他的外层电子,的结合的电子。
What we do care about is the energy of our orbitals that have electrons in them, and if we combined all four of the orbitals, then our hybrid orbitals would have more p character to them, so they'd actually be higher in energy.
是不是很高,我们不关心它的能量很高,我们关心的是,有电子的轨道的能量,如果我们把四个轨道结合。
So again, what we're saying here is that it is most likely in the 3 s orbital that we would find the electron 11 and 1/2 times further away from the nucleus than we would in a around state hydrogen atom.
同样我们,这里说的是,氢原子3s轨道中,最可能找到电子的地方,是基态的11.5倍。
There is a striking parallel here in that the group one elements have a tendency to want to give up electrons, F Cl Br whereas the fluorine, chlorine, bromine, have a tendency to attract electrons.
这儿有高度的相似性,每个组都有,失去电子的趋势的,相反的,则是有得电子的趋势。
So, if we want to go from that stable state to that less stable state, we need to put in a certain amount of energy to our system, that difference between the free electron and the electron bound to the metal.
所以,如果我们想使电子,从稳态到达不够稳定的状态,我们需要引入一定数量的,能量到系统中,即自由电子和束缚于金属的,电子的能量差。
This should make sense because if something has a low ionization energy, that means it's not very electronegative, which means it's going to be a lot happier giving up electron density, which is essentially what you're doing -- when you're forming covalent bonds is you're sharing some of your electron density.
这应该是合理的,因为如果某物的电离能很低,这也就意味着它的电负性也不高,那么它就会更愿意,放弃一定的电子密度,而本质上这正是你在,形成共价键时所需要做的,分享你的一些电子密度。
Great. Yup, it's going to be an electron acceptor, it wants to accept electrons, it wants to accept electron density.
很好,没错,它将是一个电子的受主,它想要接收电子,接收电子密度。
If a photon which has no mass can behave as a particle, does it follow then an electron which has mass can behave as a wave? 1920.
如果一个没有质量的光子,能像粒子一样运动,那么它能像一个,没有质量的电子那样以波的形式运动吗。
He introduced the concept of electronegativity which was a measure, therefore, it is quantitative, of the atom's ability to attract electrons within a covalent bond and developed a scale of electronegativity.
他引入了电负性这一概念,一个反映着原子在成共价键时吸引电子的能力的数据标度,因此这是数量上的,在共价电子中,电子原子能吸引电子,并发展为一定规模的电负性。
We are expecting to see that it decreases because it's feeling a stronger pull, all the electrons are being pulled in closer to the nucleus, so that atomic size is going to get smaller.
我们将看到它是减小的,因为电子会感受到越来越强的吸引力,所有的电子将会被原子核拉得越来越近,所以原子半径将越来越小。
We can not do that with quantum mechanics, the more true picture is the best we can get to is talk about what the probability is of finding the electron at any given nucleus.
在量子力学里我们不这样做,我们能得到的更加真实的图像,是关于在某处,找到电子的概率。
That is going to equal the energy of the electrons in H2 minus the energies of the electrons in H.
这等于H2分子的能量2,减去H原子中电子的能量。
These are all isoelectronic, they all have the same electron configuration. And we can also think about going back to atomic size for a second.
这些都是等电子的,它们都有相同的电子排布,而,我们还可以再回想一下原子尺寸的概念。
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