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What about Mill's attempt to account for the especially weighty character of individual rights and justice in chapter five of Utilitarianism.
那么穆勒在《功利主义》,第五章中提到的,个人权利和公正重要性的解释，又是否成立呢。
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When we finished last time, we were looking at John Stuart Mill's attempt to reply to the critics of Bentham's Utilitarianism.
上节课结束时，我们讲到约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒试图回应,对边沁功利主义的批判。
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So what we need to examine now is whether John Stuart Mill had a convincing reply to these objections to utilitarianism.
我们现在的任务是思考穆勒,是否令人信服地回应了对功利主义的质疑。
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Now, for those of you who have read Mill already, how, according to him, is it possible to draw that distinction?
现在，已经读过穆勒名著的同学，来说说他是怎样对此进行区分的？
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And here, in chapter two, we see the passage where Mill makes the point that John just described.
在第二章的这里，我们可以看到,穆勒的这段话表达了约翰刚才描述的观点。
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His father, James Mill, was a disciple of Bentham's, and James Mill set about giving his son, John Stuart Mill, a model education.
他的父亲詹姆斯·穆勒是边沁的追随者，詹姆斯·穆勒决心以边沁为榜样，教育自己的儿子穆勒。
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Sometimes, Mill agrees, we might succumb to the temptation to do the latter, to be couch potatoes.
穆勒同意，我们有时会无法抵挡后者的诱惑,选择后者，做沙发土豆。
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And there is a further objection that could be raised against Mill's case for justice and rights.
还有另一个能更深入地,驳斥穆勒有关公正和权利的观点。
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She and Mill got married, they lived happily ever after, and it was under her influence that John Stuart Mill tried to humanize utilitarianism.
他们结了婚，从此过上了幸福的生活，正是在她的影响下,约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒试图把功利主义人性化。
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But the reason is ultimately, Mill claims, a utilitarian reason once you consider the long-run interests of humankind, of all of us as progressive beings.
但穆勒称，这个原因根本上还是功利的,当你考虑到人类，长远发展的利益。
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And starting next time, we're going to read Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarian philosophers.
下讲开始，我们将开始阅读边沁,约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等功利主义哲学家的著作。
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Mill's point is that the higher pleasures do require cultivation and appreciation and education.
穆勒的观点是，高级快乐的确需要,培养，鉴赏，和教育。
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So you think that this support Mill's you think Mill is onto something here?
所以你认为它支持了穆勒的观点,你认为穆勒是不无道理的？
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So here are the objections to Bentham's utilitarianism and now, we turn to someone who tried to respond to those objections, a latter-day utilitarian, John Stuart Mill.
以上就是对边沁功利主义的异议,现在再来看看另一位,他试图回应这些异议，近代功利主义者约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒。
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In his book Utilitarianism, Mill tries to show that critics to the contrary it is possible within the utilitarian framework to distinguish between higher and lower pleasures.
在穆勒的《功利主义》中，他试图证明，与批判者所言相反,在功利主义的框架下,是能区分高级和低级快乐的。
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What do you conclude from that about John Stuart Mill's test that the test of a higher pleasure is whether people who have experienced both prefer it?
那么你对穆勒的结论，有何看法,他认为，两种快乐都感受过的人,更偏好的就是高级快乐？
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But before we give the reasons let's do an experiment of Mill's claim.
但在给出理由之前,先对穆勒的观点做个实验。
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But the same challenge could be put to this part of Mill's defense.
但穆勒的这番辩护面临着同样质疑。
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What about Mill's attempt to reply to the objection about individual rights?
穆勒是如何回应对个体权利的相关异议呢？
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If you look at the syllabus, you'll notice that we read a number of great and famous books, books by Aristotle, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, John Stewart Mill, and others.
如果你有留意教学大纲，就能发现,教学大纲里列出了不少人的著作，包括亚里士多德，约翰·洛克，伊曼努尔·康德，约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒及其他哲学家的著作。
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So as John points out, Mill says here's the test.
正如约翰指出的，穆勒是这样来确定的。
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That's the dilemma with which our experiment confronts Mill.
这就是我们的检验中，穆勒的观点所遭遇的困境。
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You find this famous passage from John Stuart Mill.
关于这点，约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒的名言如下。
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He was a child protege, John Stuart Mill.
约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒是一个神童。
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I think the conclusion is that Mill's theory that when a majority of people are asked what they would rather do, they will answer that they would rather engage in a higher pleasure.
我认为结论是，就穆勒的理论而言,当大多数人被问及他们的偏好时，他们都会说自己更愿意选择高级快乐。
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John Stuart Mill was born in 1806.
约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒生于1806年。
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All right, Is there anyone who disagrees with Joe and who thinks that our experiment disproves Mill's test, shows that that's not an adequate way, that you can't distinguish higher pleasures within the utilitarian framework?
好，有没有人不同意乔,谁认为我们的实验推翻了穆勒的检验，说明它并不足以证明，在功利主义范畴内可以分辨出高级快乐？
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In 1859, Mill wrote a famous book on liberty, the main point of which was the importance of defending individual rights and minority rights, and in 1861, toward the end of his life, he wrote the book we read as part of this course, "Utilitarianism."
859年穆勒写了本关于自由的名著，书里的主要观点是,争取个体和少数群体权利的重要性，1861年，在晚年时期，他写了《功利主义》，这也属于本课的阅读资料“
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