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Now most diabetics take human insulin made, not in humans, but made in micro-organisms that are growing in a manufacturing facility.
而现在,多数糖尿病患者用人的胰岛素,不是来自人体,而是来自工厂的微生物车间
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When you don't produce enough insulin yourself, as diabetics do not, then you can use insulin as a drug.
如果你的体内不能产生足够的胰岛素,例如糖尿病人,你就可以将胰岛素作为药物使用
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In the next twenty-five years the increased--the anticipated increase in diabetes is supposed to be about 37% in the U.S.
在未来的二十五年中,预计美国的糖尿病患者的人数,将增加37%
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Now another approach would be to take pieces of the pancreas that already have all that capability within them.
现在还有一种方法就是,取一部分健康人的胰脏,移植到糖尿病患者体内
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So what if you could take cells from a healthy individual and put them into a diabetic individual?
所以如果我们可以从健康个体中提取细胞,植入糖尿病患者体内
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A child eight or nine years old with what used to be called Adult Onset Diabetes.
岁或者9岁的小孩,竟然得了曾称为成年始发性糖尿病的疾病
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Here's a slide that shows the projected increase in diabetes in the next twenty-five years.
这张幻灯片显示了,未来二十五年糖尿病患者数量增长的情况
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Type II Diabetes usually has its onset in adulthood-- that's beginning to change-- and is usually created by lifestyle factors: poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity.
型糖尿病多见于成人,情况现在开始改变,这种病通常由不良生活方式引起,不良的饮食,锻炼的缺乏以及肥胖
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Before that, diabetics had been treated with insulin that came from a different source, usually from pigs, so by harvesting and purifying insulin from pig pancreas.
在此之前 糖尿病患者,所用的胰岛素来自于不同的来源,通常是从猪身上提取的,是从猪的胰腺中提取并纯化而成的
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Now you get interesting relationships here because diet is related to heart disease, it's related to cancer, it's related to stroke, and it's related to Diabetes.
你可以找到一些有趣的联系,因为饮食与心脏病,癌症,中风和糖尿病都有关系
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That's--that accounts for relatively small number of the overall cases of Type I Diabetes.
型糖尿病患者,占患者总人数的比率相对较小
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Diabetics whose pancreas does not function properly, so don't make enough insulin, don't have enough insulin present for normal glucose metabolism so they can't handle sugars properly.
糖尿病人的胰脏功能失调,因此胰岛素分泌不足,影响了正常的血糖代谢,所以他们不能正常地调节血糖
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And you can use this tissue engineered skin to treat a patient who's had severe burns, for example, or a diabetic who's developed ulcers that won't heal.
人们能够用这种组织工程学意义上的皮肤,来治疗严重烧伤的病人,或那些溃疡久治不愈的糖尿病病人
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The first therapeutic protein that was produced was insulin to treat diabetes.
第一个量产的治疗性蛋白质,是用于治疗糖尿病的胰岛素
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Now one could say that there's something peculiar about the-- biologically about the Pimas who live in Arizona, who put that--makes them so much at risk for diseases like Diabetes.
皮玛族人生活在亚利桑那州,在他们身上有些奇怪的生理特性,使得其患糖尿病之类疾病的风险很高
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So at a given level of overweight out here -twenty-seven, twenty-nine, thirty-one, thirty-three are the body mass index, the women are more likely to get Diabetes then the men are.
在超重情况下,如果体重一定,这里的27,29,31,33,表示体重指数,女性比男性更易患糖尿病
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Type II Diabetes used to be called Adult Onset Diabetes, but it's had to be renamed to type II Diabetes because kids as young as ten, and nine, and eight are developing it.
型糖尿病过去曾叫做成年始发性糖尿病,但它不得不更名为Ⅱ型糖尿病,因为有的才十岁,九岁,甚至八岁的儿童得这种病
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But if one's concerned about risk for Diabetes, which many people are, or have a family history of that, this glycemic index approach is not a bad one to pay attention to.
但是对于那些在意糖尿病患病风险,或者有糖尿病家族病史的人来说,这个血糖指数方案是值得关注的
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So diabetics have lost that normal function.
糖尿病患者的胰腺丧失了正常的功能
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Now there are two types of diabetes, as you may know, there's Type I Diabetes which is a genetic abnormality that usually shows up in childhood or adolescents where people are dependent on insulin.
你们可能知道,糖尿病有两种类型,Ⅰ型糖尿病是由基因异常引起的,在儿童和青少年中较为多见,患这种病需要长期依赖胰岛素
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They're interesting biological reasons for that, but certainly it's relevant, and it's important of course for physicians to be aware of this when they're screening overweight people for Diabetes given that excess risk in the women.
这些生理因素很有趣,也很有意义,考虑到女性的患病风险更高,医生们在为超重人群检查糖尿病时,很有必要注意到女性的患病风险
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As people's weights get high -I'm sorry let's go back here, got a little trigger happy here -as weights go high, from left to right you see the risk of Diabetes gets really very high.
随着体重的上升,抱歉,应该回到上一张幻灯片,刚才按多了,在曲线上从左到右,随着体重的上升,患糖尿病的风险在迅速上升
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It worked for them, they didn't have all these chronic diseases like we have, now they had other challenges, infectious diseases primarily, but they didn't have the chronic diseases like we have, like cancer, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., and Diabetes particularly.
这曾对祖先们奏效,他们不像我们会得一些慢性疾病,但他们要面对其他的挑战,主要是传染性疾病,但他们不像我们那样受着慢性疾病的困扰,如癌症,心脏病,高血压和高脂血等,特别是糖尿病
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Now, of course, there are denominator issues here because we started with a much higher base rate than these other countries, but if you think about the size of the populations there, the number of people who are going to become diabetic in the next twenty-five years is really very frightening.
现在,当然这里存在着分母的问题,我国的增长基数比其他国家要大得多,因为一旦考虑到人口总量,在未来25年成为糖尿病人的人数,就非常非常的惊人了
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Chronic diseases have a major role in the healthcare costs, so if you look at these chronic diseases, heart disease, stroke, cancer and Diabetes we find that seven out of ten of all deaths are now due to chronic diseases, whereas, it was a very small fraction in 1900.
慢性疾病是医保费用中的一个大头,你看看这些慢性疾病,心脏病,中风,癌症和糖尿病,就会发现如今十分之七的死亡,都是源于慢性疾病,然而,这在1900年仅占很小一部分
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If you look at weight and risk of Type Diabetes you start to see something pretty interesting.
在体重和II型糖尿病患病风险的关系中,我们能得出更有趣的发现
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