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Roman doctrine, of course, had prized the state of celibacy, insisting that it was the superior state over marriage.
当然罗马教义曾赞扬独身主义，坚持认为那是比婚姻更优良的状态。
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So I'll tend to talk about "the Roman household," because that's what's more meaningful sociologically when we talk about this.
所以我倾向于用“罗马家户“,因为这样说，我们讨论这一问题时,更有社会学意义。
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So maybe they were just shoved there by people fleeing the Roman conquest in 70 .So that's up for grabs.
不过或许这些经卷是在公元70年罗马征战期间,人们在逃亡途中摆在那卖的。
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The Roman poet philosopher Juvenal said men need not so much be informed as reminded.
罗马哲学家尤维纳利斯说过,人们更需要记住，而不是被通知。
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That caused a rebellion and they overthrew the kings, and thereafter, the word king was a dirty word in Roman history.
该事件引发了叛乱,叛军推翻了国王,从此之后,"国王"这个词在罗马历史上成了一个脏字
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He knew Greek at the age of three, Latin at eight, and age 10, he wrote "A History of Roman Law."
三岁就懂希腊文，八岁时懂拉丁文，十岁的时候写了《罗马律史》
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With the demise of Rome, in the early Christian centuries, these philosophical academies, these philosophical schools, were absorbed into the medieval monasteries.
随着罗马帝国的灭亡，在基督世纪的初期，这些哲思学院，这些哲思学校，被中古世纪的修道院吸收。
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Because you want to minimize the amount of enemy soldiers that reach Rome or whatever location it is.
因为你想使入侵罗马,的敌军兵力最小化
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Since he was an unusually small lad, he had been mainlining Greek and Roman poetry.
由于还是非常年轻的孩子，他依旧沉湎于希腊和罗马的诗歌。
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So the Romans were only concerned about religions when it looked like those religions were going to cause political problems.
所以罗马人只有在宗教会引起政治问题时,才会插手干涉。
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So the status of slave was lowest, ; freed persons was next highest in Roman Law; and free people were next.
所以罗马律法中，奴隶的地位是最低的，然后是自由人;,接着是自由民。
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And by this time all educated Roman men were expected to be able to speak Greek, well if possible.
那时所有受过教育的罗马男子,有可能的话，都要会说希腊语。
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Of course, the Romans didn't care then how much I charged you, the people of Corinth in its area.
当然，罗马人并不在乎我收了，科林斯人民多少税。
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The best example is when Julius Caesar has made himself master of Rome, but he's still behaving as though the republic exists.
于此最好的例子是,当尤利乌斯·恺撒成为罗马的统治者时,他仍然表现得仿佛共和体制仍存在似的
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In fact, we have some claim, and a Roman writer later on, that there was a treaty back in the eighth century B.C.
实际上,之后一个罗马作家,写到过一些声明,公元前八世纪在埃维厄岛几个城邦之间
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The Roman Senate, in the late part of the Republic-- yes--started dividing itself into two sort of parties; not official parties, but factions.
罗马元老院，共和国晚期。。。,分裂为两个派;,不是正规党派，只是小派系。
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This will change in Rome, because in Rome women were citizens also, although that didn't mean they were equal to men.
这点到了罗马时期发生了改变，因为在罗马女子也是公民了，虽然她们地位无法等同于男子。
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By keeping women under the household of the men of their original family, the upper-class Romans tried to balance these different households in size and importance.
所以女子保留娘家的家户关系，有助于罗马上层阶级,平衡不同家户的规模及地位。
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So they would have local, sort of higher class, local elites, would bid for the right to collect local taxes, and so the Romans would take the highest bid.
所以他们安排当地人，算是上层阶级，本地精英，竞拍当地收税权，这样罗马总是能获得最高竞价。
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There were always battles and wars going on, on the boundaries, the frontiers of the Roman Empire, but within the center of the empire there was an amazing period of peace.
战争永远都在进行，在边界，罗马帝国边境，但在帝国中心却是一派和平盛世。
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But most of the free citizens of the Roman Empire, - of Rome, were poor people-- free, and even citizens, but they were poor people who weren't part of any rich household.
但是大多数罗马帝国的自由公民，都是穷人-,他们是自由的，甚至是公民，但都是穷人，不属于富裕家户。
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Or sometimes the Romans liked to take a big theater and fill the central part of the theater, the cavea, with water and then stage naval battles and that kind of thing.
有时候罗马人也喜欢利用大剧院,在大剧院的中心和兽笼，注满水，上演大海战之类的。
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So Roman slavery and the freedom of that was actually one way that a few people in the Ancient World recognized some kind of social mobility, which was very rare in the Roman Empire.
所以罗马奴隶制以及奴隶释放制,被古代部分人认为是,某种社会阶级流动，在罗马帝国很少见。
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Or Augustus--he had taken the title Augustus by this time, which means "the great"--he himself said, "I transferred the Republic from my power to the dominion of the Senate and the people of Rome."
或者奥古斯都。。。当时他已经使用了这个头衔，意思是“尊崇“，他说，“我已将共和国重还给,元老院及罗马人民统治“
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Only in the Roman Empire could slavery actually start being a way that you can move up in society, because you could-- if you were a talented slave, your owner might free you, probably would free you.
只有在罗马帝国，奴隶制可以成为,提高社会地位的手段，因为。。。,如果是一个能干的奴隶，主人可能会释放他，很有可能。
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So Julius Caesar--if you were really going to be important in Rome, you had to serve as a general at some point.
所以恺撒。。。如果你要在罗马出人头地，就得参军成为将领。
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The Roman Catholic Old Testament has the same books that the Protestant Old Testament has, but they kept these other Greek Jewish documents.
罗马天主教旧约里面的书,包含新教旧约里的书，但他们保留了其他希腊语犹太教文献。
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