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Milton wants to write an epic that in some ways comes before, or prevents, the great epics of Homer and Virgil.
弥尔顿想写一首在某种程度上先于，荷马和维吉尔伟大史诗的史诗。
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Milton would insert into the printed text of his poem his own anticipation that his epic would receive the same universal approbation as Homer's and Virgil's.
弥尔顿会把自己的预想也写进他的诗里,他认为自己的史诗也会得到普遍的认可,就如荷马和维吉尔的史诗。
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The word polis appears in Homer, but it means something different from what it means throughout most of Greek history.
城邦"这个词首先出现在荷马史诗,但是它在这里的意思,与在希腊历史中的意思不同
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When you were a young boy, you would've studied just reading and writing Homer.
希腊男子在幼年时，要学习阅读书写荷马史诗。
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This is an analogy as old as, and found in, Homer.
这是在荷马史诗中就发现的类比。
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Well, let me turn to another aspect of the story of Homer and how the poems play into Greek society.
接着让我们转向荷马史诗的另一方面,看看诗歌是如何融入希腊社会的
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But in Homer the term is reserved for Agamemnon or for gods, but not for any other human being.
但《荷马史诗》中这个位置给了阿伽门农,或者是上帝,而不是其他人
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So, Hesiod complains about them and calls them bribe swallowing basileis, crooked ones, plural; kings as in Homer.
因此,赫西奥德对他们进行控诉,称他们为"纳贿的巴赛勒斯们",复数形式的,就像荷马史诗中的"王者们"一样
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It's to admit that this is in fact a late epic and that it derives from a close, studious, student-like imitation of the great epics of Homer and Virgil.
也就等于承认它事实上是一部晚期的史诗作品,是源自于雷同的，学究气的，小学生般的,对荷马与维吉尔写的伟大史诗的模仿。
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They had even obtained, with the help of the attendant spirit, Haemony the magical herb Haemony with all of its Homeric associations, but this, too, seemed inadequate to the task of rescuing their sister.
他们甚至在随从的帮助下拿到了，有所有荷马史诗联系的神奇的草药，但是看来这些对于解救妹妹的任务来说都是不够充足的。
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There is no evidence in Homer that anybody had that kind of wealth or that kind of power.
在《荷马史诗》中没有任何证据表明,谁有这样大的财富和权力
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Now, that's not what queens do. I'm sure the Mycenaean queens didn't do that, but it's very, very interesting that that is what the Homeric queens do.
但王后不做这个 我肯定迈锡尼王后,不织布,但非常有趣的是,荷马史诗中的王后却在织布
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That really is the question we are wrestling with and, of course, behind it all is can we seek any historical information from Homer's poems at all?
这确实是一个很棘手的问题,不管怎样,我们是否能从荷马史诗中,得出当时的史实呢
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So, what is this world like that emerges from the world of Homer?
那么荷马史诗中的世界究竟是怎样的呢
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His view is much, if not most, of what we are told about the Homeric world comes, as he says, in the tenth and in the ninth centuries.
他关于《荷马史诗》中世界的观点,正如他说的,即使不是大部分,也有许多,是得自于第九和第十世纪的某些观点
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Well, one of the things that they do when the Homeric heroes refer to their wives-- there are really only two places that they seem to be associated with.
其中一件荷马史诗的英雄提到的,他们的妻子所做的事--,似乎她们只过着两点一线的生活
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But we know that the Greeks in Homer don't do that.
但我们发现《荷马史诗》中的希腊人并不如此
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What do the queens in Homer do in their spare time?
荷马史诗》中的王后如何打发闲暇
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Well, what do the Homeric heroes do with their chariots?
那荷马史诗的主角们是怎么用战车的呢
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They do, but they also have an allegiance to their families and to themselves, which, in Homer, tend to predominate,and yet there is a sense in which the conflict is very real.
确实是的,但是他们也忠于他们的家庭,以及他们自己,在荷马史诗中后二者占了主导地位,然而,在这之间的确有着真实的冲突
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I don't know that I have an answer to this, but perhaps the Republic as a whole is itself a piece of this Socratic poetry that will substitute for the Homeric kind.
我不确定我对这有预备答案，但也许整部《理想国》,就是一部苏老式的诗学,用以取代荷马史诗。
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But we quickly see that the people referred to as Basileus in Homer are not like the great King of Persia.
但回溯一下那些在《荷马史诗》中被称为,巴赛勒斯的人,却并不像波斯王那样强大
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And of course, the kings when we see them in Homer do not have a bureaucracy, do not have scribes.
当然,从《荷马史诗》中所看到的那些国王,他们没有官僚作风,没有随身抄写员
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Well, Homer has his heroes using chariots and we know that chariots were used in warfare in the Bronze Age around the Mediterranean Sea.
荷马史诗》的主角们所使用的战车,我们知道在青铜时代的地中海地区,二轮战车被广泛运用于战争
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Whoever was writing the poems of Homer, whichever poets were contributing to that over the ages after the Mycenaean Period, they hadn't seen those Mycenaean sites.
不管是谁写的《荷马史诗》,无论那些诗人在迈锡尼文明之后,为该作品作出了多大贡献,他们都没见过迈锡尼文明遗址
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That's the idea of the game, and then Parry demonstrated by careful scholarship of the Homeric poems, that that is the way the Homeric poems were.
他们从游历中获取灵感,之后帕里通过严谨的学术论证证明了,这就是《荷马史诗》的创作方式
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There are also differences, sometimes, in the shape of weapons that we find in the Greek World after the Mycenaean Period compared to what are described in Homer's poems.
在武器的设计上有时也有差异,处于后迈锡尼文明的希腊所发现的,武器和《荷马史诗》的描述是不同的
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But we said the same thing about the Homeric heroes,didn't we?
荷马史诗中的英雄也是这样吗
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The Greeks in Homer incinerate the bodies of the dead.
荷马史诗》中的希腊人实行火葬
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