The virtual work of the reader does not involve surprise, does not involve the violation of expectations.

读者的虚功中没有惊讶，也没有期望的违背。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

Now in order to illustrate the way in which what Iser calls virtual work gets done in this regard, let me just run through a few passages quickly.

现在，为了阐释,在这点上，伊瑟尔所说的虚功是怎样做的，下面我们来快速地浏览几段话。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

It scoffs at the vanity of all things, including wisdom, and espouses a kind of positive existentialism.

它嘲笑一切事物的虚华，包括智慧，信封绝对的实存主义。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

And now if we look at this, we see, I can get this.

就明白我所言非虚了。

麻省理工公开课 - 计算机科学及编程导论课程节选

The anger here is directed against the superficial, the flashy, liturgies read by the Laudian priests, but I think it's also being directed at the lean and flashy songs that are being written by Milton's poetic contemporaries, his rival poets.

这里表现出的愤怒，很明显是针对，劳德式牧师们虚伪浮华的礼拜式，但我认为这也是针对这些本身很虚华,由弥尔顿同时代的诗人所写的颂歌。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选