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Sometimes subtle changes in the structure of a protein can convert it from an active state into an inactive state.
有时蛋白质结构上一些很小的变化,就能将其由激活态转变为非激活态
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The reason it is so exciting that it's a protein, and it's a protein, this is the structure here, it's a ribbon structure so you can kind of see what it looks like, it's made up of all natural amino acids.
它这么让人激动的原因是因为它是一个蛋白质，这里的这个结构，这是个带状机构，你可以看到它的样子，它全部是由氨基酸组成的。
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Sometimes that subtle change can lead to a big change in the function of the protein.
有时候,蛋白质在结构上的小小改变,会导致其功能发生巨大变化
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So, what happens, this is another view of a sodium channel, so this is actually looking a little bit more at the protein structure.
那么，这里发生了什么，这是钠离子通道的另一张图片，在这种蛋白质结构中,它看起来更复杂一点。
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You've irreversibly changed that substance because you've changed the structure of all the proteins inside.
蛋白质的结构发生不可逆的变化,因为蛋白质内部的全部结构都改变了
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Well, imagine if that change in structure could be switched on and off by addition of a phosphorous; and in fact it can in many proteins.
那么,想象一下,只需引入磷酸基团,就能导致蛋白质的结构发生变化,事实上很多蛋白质就是如此
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Proteins have three dimensional structures in solution and their structure determines what they do.
在溶液中,蛋白质以三维结构存在,它的结构决定功能
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You know that the function of a protein is intimately related to its structure.
蛋白质的功能与结构密切相关
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And if you've forgotten about proteins and what their structure is you can go to Chapter 4 and read sort of a brief review of protein biochemistry.
如果你们忘记了蛋白质及结构的相关知识,就去读第四章,关于蛋白质生物化学的简短综述
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So they like to be in the membrane and they're stable there and they won't come out because their structure allows them to exist in these unique spaces.
所以它们在膜里稳定存在,而且也不会脱离膜,因为这些蛋白质的结构使其能存在于,磷脂双分子层这个独特的环境中
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Steroid hormones can operate in a different way because of their structure.
类固醇类激素的作用原理有所不同,这主要是因为它们的结构与蛋白质不同
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That - irreversible changes happen all the time too but here I'm talking about very subtle small changes where you're changing the structure of the protein but only a little bit such that it can go back.
这种不可逆的改变时时刻刻都在发生,但我在这里想讲的是,对蛋白质结构进行微小的改变,小到这种改变是可逆的
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If the immune system recognizes only small pieces of the virus and mounts an immune response to that, how about if I just take these pieces of a virus like some structural subunit, some piece of protein and use that as a vaccine?
如果免疫系统识别出病毒的一小段,就可以诱发起免疫应答,那么如果我仅用一小部分病毒,比如一些结构性亚基 一些蛋白质的片段,来作为疫苗的话,会如何呢
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It breaks down into its component parts and I show two of those component parts here, one is the genetic material, in this case DNA, and the other is all the proteins that form the structure of the virus.
分解为自身各种零件,这里给你们展示一下其中的两个,其一是遗传物质,这里指DNA,另一个是构建病毒结构的所有蛋白质
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