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Basically,some councils in the early church, councils that would be called by the Emperor, for example,by Constantine or his successors.
基本上，早期教会的一些议会，会由皇帝召集，比如君士坦丁或他的继任人。
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and you've got the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben and all sorts of exciting things.
你还可以看到议会大厦、大本钟以及各种激动人心的事物。
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Different bishops in different major cities and different councils would sometimes try to decide, and they'd put out decrees.
不同城市，不同议会的主教,有时候会尝试把它确定下来，他们会颁布法令。
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On it there is little language and it's obvious it's talking about some kind of a town council.
它的上面只残存了一些只言片语,但从中仍能清晰地辨认出,它记载着某种城镇议会
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Parliament enacts through this legislation a mechanism for the state control of the press.
议会通过立法来实施,一个政府控制出版的机制。
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Eventually in 1905, Nicholas II will be forced to grant a Duma, an assembly to Russia.
905年,尼古拉斯二世最终被迫承认杜马,即俄国议会
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No parliament, no legislature, however democratic its credentials, can legitimately violate our natural rights.
没有任何议会或立法机构，不管其宣称自己如何民主，能合理侵犯我们的自然权利。
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Despite all of the--Mitterrand's plans for decentralization, and the creation of regional councils, basically France remains the most centralized state in Western Europe, and the role of Paris in French life does not have an equivalent in other European countries.
尽管密特朗计划在法国实施,去中央集权化并创立地方议会,法国基本上还是西欧,中央集权化程度最高的国家,巴黎在法国的地位是欧洲其它国家的城市,所不能比拟的
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The Apology is a speech given before a large and largely anonymous audience of over 500 persons, the Assembly, the Court.
苏格拉底自辩篇》的听众,是大量匿名,超过，500，人的场合，议会法庭。
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But then the Parliament were made really to run, but the Kings and Queens ruled.
但是，议会成立的目的是为了管理这个国家，而国王和女王是统治这个国家。
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It doesn't mean the council of the people necessarily, that would suggest something democratic.
它未必就是全体公民的议会,那会带有一些民主的意味
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And so you had some councils doing this.
有些议会会付诸行动。
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It's in response to what was deemed to be the chaotic condition of English religious culture that the Presbyterian-led Parliament issued in 1643 the Licensing Act.
这是对被视为英国宗教文化的混乱状况的回应,由长老派领导的议会1643年,颁布的《权法案》
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Middle-class Puritans like John Milton find themselves upholding the authority of Parliament over the authority of King Charles and over the authority of the official Church of England.
中产阶级的清教徒像弥尔顿，发现自己,把议会的职权看得比国王查尔斯的权力要重,甚至比英格兰正式的教会的权力还重要。
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A minority government of revolutionary Puritans had effectively taken control of the state. The radical Puritan Parliament voted to execute the tyrant -- what they considered to be the tyrant, King Charles I -- and to establish its own government.
清教徒革命者组建的少数政府成功的,控制了英国，激进的清教徒议会投票决定,处死暴君--他们认为是暴君的，国王查理一世--并组建自己的政府。
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This is essentially the town hall of Amsterdam.
这就是阿姆斯特丹的市议会大楼的全貌
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As you move later in their history, you find you can guess that there would be councils that were not purely of nobles but might be of wealthy people, but they would always be a minority and come from the upper class.
随着你们进一步了解希腊的历史,你们能轻易猜想到议会组成人员中,不仅仅只有贵族,还有富人,但他们都是来自上层阶级的少数人
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It's a freedom that, of course, Parliament had pushed for, but now that they've got it there is some misgiving.
当然，这是一种议会推崇的自由，但是现在他们得到的只是疑虑。
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I mentioned, I don't remember in what context, the other day that the most famous example is the drunken assembly.
我不记得何时何地提到过,最典型的一个案例便是醉酒议会
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There is typically a council of aristocrats; that is the outfit that counts.
只有典型的贵族议会,至少外表上是这样的
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So some councils did try to set the canon.
有些议会确实想确定正典书目。
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It is a right that attaches to individuals as human beings, even before government comes on the scene, even before parliaments and legislatures enact laws to define rights and to enforce them.
这种权利依附于个体而存在，甚至早于任何政府的建立，甚至早在任何议会和立法机关,制定法律定义权利并强制实施前，就已存在。
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The Boyars' counsel, that is the counsel of the nobles, literally met in the throne of the palace.
波雅尔议会 也就是贵族们的议会,实际上就在宫殿内举行
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Then he withdraws, eliminates basically all of its rights, and then the Duma will come back later on.
后来他又食言,几乎取消了议会的所有权利,此后杜马又卷土重来
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Now, you did have, in many of these countries, diets, or parliaments, or some representative bodies.
在很多绝对主义国家里,都设有国会,议会,或者是其他代议机构
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It is fair to argue that non-titled people in England were at the forefront of the victorious role in the civil war that parliament played.
而另一方面,英国的无头衔人群,在议会的内战中,站在了胜利的一方也无可厚非
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So, absolute rulers didn't really have to pay attention to these assemblies.
所以说,绝对统治者实际上不用理会议会
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Would be-- These would have been aristocratic republics at this stage of the game, and so there would have been a council of nobles that would typically have done it.
就是,这种制度,是贵族共和国的产物,所以拥有这一权利的,应是贵族议会
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The answer, typically, is a council.
通常来说是通过议会
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