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When they make milk they have signals for turning on the betagalactoglobulin promoter and expressing the gene of interest.
泌乳的时候,β-乳球蛋白启动子受信号调控而开启,目的基因得以表达
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I showed you this in this picture here and those levels of control can be at the level of transcription.
我把这些都给你们显示在这张图上,调控可以在转录的水平下进行
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The market stability regulator, which would make sure that the markets don't freeze up on us we don't have a systemic crisis.
第一，市场稳定性调控者，要保证市场不会失去活力,保证我们不会有系统性危机。
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That means that the different regulators should each have their own objective, so they have a three-part proposal.
也就是说每一环节上的,调控者都要有自己的目标，这个计划将分为三部分。
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So, in general, when cells are proliferating they're dividing and they're dividing at a regular rate.
因此,大致而言,当细胞增殖时,它们是在分裂,并以受调控的频率分裂
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I ended with this picture that shows you a little bit about control of gene expression.
我用这幅图结束了上一节课,图上讲了一些关于基因表达调控的内容
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The thing I stressed in my column was the market stability regulator, which is the Fed.
我在我专栏中强调的是,市场稳定性调控者，也就是联邦政府。
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It happens through a very regulated, coordinated slow process of what is called differentiation.
这是通过一种严格协调调控的过程完成的,这个过程我们称为细胞分化
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The last thing I want to talk about today is control of gene expression.
今天我们要讨论的最后一个问题,是基因表达的调控
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The division is what hampered regulators from dealing with the financial subprime crisis.
监管机构正是用来约束那些调控者,以防其与金融次贷有染的。
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The market stability is going to be the Fed, the Fed's role would be broadened so that it's not just a banking regulator, it's the whole financial system.
市场的稳定将成为联邦政府的工作，政府的职责将会扩大,那么政府将不再仅仅是银行业的调控者，而变成了整个金融系统的调控者。
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So why is temperature, for example, such an important thing to control?
那为什么体温是如此重要的调控指标呢
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They do that because they can control the expression of genes.
它们能正确地合成蛋白,是因为它们可以调控基因的表达
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The most basic control is by controlling when transcription happens.
最基本的途径,是调控细胞转录
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Control of gene expression is a very big topic and so I'm going to show you one cartoon to sort of tell you that it is a big topic that's really important.
基因表达的调控是个大课题,我给你们放一些动画,好让你们理解,其涉及范围之广,意义之重
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Why is control of gene expression important?
为什么说对基因表达的调控是非常重要呢
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How is gene expression controlled?
基因表达如何调控呢
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What they want to do is expand the actions of the Fed, so that they're not--you can describe the Federal Reserve or any central bank, traditionally, as a banker's bank the Bank of England was the first central bank and it made banks keep deposits at the Bank of England.
他们想做的是扩大政府对经济的调控范围，这样政府就能将联邦储蓄,或者其他中央银行变成银行的银行,英国银行是第一个中央银行,他使其他银行将钱存放在它这里。
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I want you to look at this picture, read the little bit about gene - control of gene expression - that's in the book, know that it's a big topic, that we're not going to talk about it except we're going to talk about some examples where control of gene expression can be exploited in order to treat diseases, for example. So I'll see you on Thursday.
所以我希望你能看一下这张图,读一些,教材里基因调控的章节,这是个很大的话题,我们不会进一步深入去探讨,但一些基因调控,用以治疗疾病的例子,我们可能还会在之后的课程中讲到,那我们周四见了
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You could interfere at these later levels as well, for example, by augmenting RNA degradation.
你也能干扰一些下游的调控水平,例如,通过增强RNA的降解
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