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In the current world champion of chess, I think Vladimir Kramnik, was defeated in December by a chess-playing program.
当前的国际象棋世界冠军,弗拉基米尔?克拉姆尼克,就在今年12月被一个国际象棋程序击败
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Tipping my hand, it seems pretty clear that that seems like the right thing to say about these chess-playing programs.
我先亮出我自己的观点,显而易见,这个问题正好能够,对国际象棋程序做出解释
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Any genuinely new trend is a knight's move. I just remind you, in chess the knight doesn't move in a straight line.
所以，任何新趋势都是迂回前进，我只是提醒大家一下，在国际象棋中马是不走直线的。
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So the inventor of the chess game-- he was in India, and went to the local king.
象棋游戏的发明人-,他在印度，去见当地的国王。
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We know, for instance, machines can play chess.
例如,我们知道机器可以下国际象棋
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And I'm inclined to think, "Yes." In fact, I already suggested as much when I talked about the chess-playing computers.
我倾向于认为,有,实际上,当我在谈会下象棋计算机时,我已经暗示过很多次了
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There was a period of time in which, although there were decent, chess-playing programs couldn't beat the best chess-playing humans.
尽管曾一度出现过,强劲的象棋程序,无法战胜顶级人类棋手的情形
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It looks as though the natural thing to say about the chess-playing computer is, it does have beliefs. It does have desires.
这看起来好像是一件自然的事情,说象棋程序,有自己的信念 有欲望
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You get excited when you're playing chess at the prospect of capturing my queen and crushing me.
在玩象棋的时候,你因为希望,吃掉我的皇后下赢我而感到兴奋
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The king was very impressed with the game and said, "How can I reward you?" And the chess player said, " "No, it' OK really."
国王很喜欢这个游戏并说，“我要如何奖赏你？“，象棋发明者说，“不必，真得不用奖赏“
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So the inventor of the chess game said, "Ok. What I like is on the first block, first square, I would like one grain of rice.
于是象棋发明者说，“好吧，我希望，在第一个方格上，我想要一粒大米。
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Now, I think it is plausible to suggest that unlike the case of chess-playing computers, we don't yet have machines that feel things.
现在,我想我们有理由认为,与象棋计算机的例子不同,我们现在还没有能感觉事物的机器
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And now it's in fact the case that the best programs can beat pretty much anybody.
而现在,最优秀的象棋程序可以称得上是所向披靡
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On my computer at home I've got a program that allows my computer to play chess.
在我家里的电脑里有一个,玩国际象棋的程序
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Remember, it's not as though the people who designed the chess-playing programs can beat it.
记住,那些设计象棋程序的人,貌似也下不过他们的象棋程序
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Treat the computer as though it were just a great chess player.
将计算机视为一名象棋健将
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And indeed, the best programs are great chess players.
事实上,最棒的象棋程序已经是老辣的棋手
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Perhaps no chess game before had had this move.
这也许是象棋史上前所未有的一步棋
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If what we mean is the mental, but that the aspect, the behavioral aspect of the mental, where even a chess-playing computer probably has it, then that's not a very compelling argument.
如果我们说的是精神的某个方面,即精神的表现面,是一个甚至连象棋程序都可能拥有的方面,那这就不是一个令人信服的论点
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Not everybody in this room can play chess.
在座各位并不都会下国际象棋
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These are setups of pieces on the chess board that have particular solutions. And they're very complex, and they have a kind of aesthetic form to them.
象棋有些设置是有专门的,解决方法的，很复杂，它们有一种美学在里面。
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That ended some years ago when the best programs began to beat grand masters.
但是那种局面在几年前,以象棋程序击败象棋大师而告终
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This is just a matter of beliefs, goals, responses, planning, the sort of thing that we already saw the chess-playing computer can do, that behavioral side of emotion.
信念,目标,对策,规划,诸如此类,象棋计算机已经能够做到,这些情感的行为方面
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The chess-playing program makes moves these guys haven't thought of.
象棋程序的走法,是这些程序员也未曾想到过的
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That is not the way chess-playing programs work.
但国际象棋的程序并不是这样工作的
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If you have a computer that plays chess and you want to explain how the computer plays chess, it's impossible to do so without talking about the programs and mechanisms inside the computer.
如果你有一台能下国际象棋的计算机,你想要解释计算机是如何下国际象棋的，如果你不谈程序以及计算机的内部结构,那你就不能对它如何下国际象棋,给出解释。
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If you're a serious chess player, you might study some of the great games of chess history.
如果你是一名严谨的棋手,你可能还会研究国际象棋史上最伟大的棋局
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The chess-playing computer programs think of moves, think of strategies no one's thought of before.
国际象棋程序会思考如何下子,会想出没有人曾想到的策略
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Another example. This captured my imagination-- when I was a kid, my dad told me about the invention of the chess game-- some of you know the story.
另一个例子，这个例子捕获了我的想象力-,在我小时，父亲给我讲象棋游戏的由来-,有些人可能知道这个故事。
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And it's worth pointing out that-- a point that I didn't make last time-- it's worth pointing out that, what the computers, at least the best chess-playing computers don't do.
需要指出的,上次课我并没有提到这一点,需要指出的是,电脑,至少最棒的国际象棋电脑,并没有做什么
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