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It gradually expanded in size, reaching to the Southern Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea, and emerging as a dynastic state.
其领土逐渐扩大,延伸至乌拉尔山脉南端和里海,并发展成为王朝国家
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Hobbes in the Hobbesian doctrine of sovereignty, or the Hobbesian sovereign, to have a complete monopoly of power within his given territory.
在他的君主学说，或是霍布斯式的君主论中，霍布斯认为，在特定的领土中,存在着一种绝对的权利。
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He held a royal domain that belonged directly to him, which was very significant in size and wealth.
他直接拥有着,幅员辽阔,物产富饶的王国领土
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I mean, there is, within Israeli politics, there is a movement of various religiously motivated people who want to reclaim the land that forefathers lived on.
我的意思是，在以色列政治中，有一种运动会由不同宗教信仰的人组成,为国家找回领土。
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Between the 1620s and the 1740s, the land of the Russian empire increases from 2.1 million square miles to 5.9 million square miles.
在17世纪20年代到40年代间,俄帝国的领土,由210万平方英里,增加到590万平方英里
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And when she was a very old lady, she led a demonstration to try to protect her little part of France on the Italian border from being exploited by tourism, more about that at the end, and with her tractor she led this demonstration.
等她老了的时候,她发起一个反对在她家那片,意大利边境上的法国领土上开发旅游业的游行,到最后还有其他别的,她开着拖拉机领导了这次游行
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This is in a pretty small it's bigger than Belgium, but this is a pretty small territory.
这是仍然是一个相当小的数字,只比比利时稍大一点,不过比利时的领土也是很小的
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When you go west, however, it stops in the coast of North Africa -the reason being the rest of North Africa is dominated by Carthage.
当你继续西行,希腊的城镇就止于北非沿岸,因为北非的其余领土,都被迦太基人所占领了
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So, I already said what the number of square miles that were increased, but it increases from six to sixteen million of the population.
我已经提过了领土扩大的面积有多少,而人口从六百万增加到一千六百万
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Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.
现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化
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And probably back home there would be the implication that if you can't work things out among them with consensus, probably the king has some weight.
当在本国的领土时,如果对最终的决定存在着很大的争议,国王的意见有很大的分量
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Even the development of this theory of absolute rule is in response to the rise of these territorial states like Spain, and France, and Russia later.
绝对主义理论的发展,是与领土国的兴起相呼应,像西班牙,法国,以及后来的俄国
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Well, what happens is one army is invading the land of the other.
好的,当一支军队侵入了对方的领土
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The Russian empire, the state of Muscovy had already expanded greatly, but it's really Peter the Great, it's the big guy who expanded Russia, its territorial size enormously.
沙俄帝国在此之前已有大幅扩张,但是,是彼得大帝,是这个大家伙扩张了俄国领土,他统治下的沙俄幅员辽阔
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He rejects the idea that the city is defined simply by a group of people who inhabit a common territory the same space as it were.
他拒绝将城市简单定义为,一群人住在同一领土上的概念,即同一空间。
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It had been Swedish territory, and his victories give him this land.
那儿曾经是瑞典的领土,但他通过战争赢得了这片土地
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A normal reason for fighting is a dispute about a piece of land that is more or less on the boundary between them, and so that's one aspect of their world.
战争的常见原因就是领土争端,争夺一片或多或少在他们边界之间的领土,这是他们生活的一个部分
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No. And the reason was in the northern part of Italy, there were Etruscans, another powerful ancient people who control their own area and were not about to have anybody colonizing their territory.
没有,因为意大利北部,居住着伊特鲁里亚人,另一个古代强大的民族,他们控制自己的疆域,并且不允许任何殖民者侵略他们的领土
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Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.
综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪
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This is not the case--well, before the British gave Hong Kong back, Hong Kong was a crown colony, it was British territory.
这和Apoikia不是一回事,例如英国归还香港之前,香港是英国的殖民地,是它的领土
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Part of being an absolute ruler is being able to levy taxes against those people who have the joy or the extreme misfortune of living in those domains, and more about that later.
绝对统治者的一个权利,就是能向那些领土内的富商巨贾,或是一贫如洗的穷人征收赋税,这个稍后再详说
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So, for absolute rulers, the link to religion you can read about, but there's always the sense that he or she is doing God's will by exploiting ordinary peasants, ordinary people and conquering other territories.
所以对于绝对统治者,你会在书本上读到他们与宗教之间的联系,但是存在这样一种观点,即绝对统治者是代天授命,所以他们有理由剥削民众并且扩张领土
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So, in all of this, what he does is he makes, to use an expression that I've already used before in the context of absolutism, he makes the Boyars, while he's building his navy and expanding Russia, he makes the Boyar junior partners in absolutism.
所以,通过所有的这些事情,用我之前用过的一个词来形容,他使得波维尔们,当他在建海军和扩张领土时,他使得波维尔贵族臣服在他的绝对权威之下
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