Before the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), seals were generally made for practical uses such as identification. The Empress' Seal of the Han Dynasty.
明代（1368—1644年）以前，印章只是实用品，是人们在交往过程中表明身份的凭信工具。图为汉代的“皇后之玺”。
The so-called tea ceremony in modern Japan, boasted to Westerners as a unique Japanese art, was in fact entirely an ancient Chinese custom, the way to brew tea before the Ming Dynasty.
日本现在的所谓茶道，向西方人士夸说是日本独特的艺术，其实完全是中国的古风，明代以前的烹茶方法。
However, more than 90 years before the Nina, the Pi?ta and the Santa Maria, a Chinese Muslim eunuch born in poverty ascended the ranks of the great naval powerhouse of the Ming Dynasty.
然而，远在哥伦布驾驶的三条船“尼娜、平塔和圣玛丽亚”之前，早于其87年的公元1405年，有一位中国人，就已率领庞大的240多艘海船、27800名船员组成的船队远航西洋。 他的名字叫郑和，是中国明朝的宦官，他出生于贫困家庭，却登上了世界航海的最高地位。
The control of mentality before the middle age of the Ming dynasty and the impact of trend of thought lead to the different scenes of the women's literature.
时代大气候为吴江叶氏女作家成长的氛围，明中叶以前的思想控制与明代中后期社会思潮的冲击，带来了女性文学迥异的季节景观。
The commercial culture came into being before Ming Dynasty, however, it took on a number of interesting things in this period.
商业文化在明代以前就产生了，然而在明代却出现了许多耐人寻味之处。
Comparing Japanese Yogaku before Kaikoku to western culture of Ming and Qing dynasty, the most obvious difference is that Chinese western culture runs short of Langaku period.
与日本幕末开国以前的洋学相比，明清西学最大的差异即是缺乏类似兰学的阶段。
Ming-Tang, as an important Li-institution building, had a Ya-shape plan before Han dynasty, which originated from the universe mode of round sky with Ya-shape earth in ancient times.
明堂作为重要的礼制建筑，汉代以前平面为亚形，源自于上古时代天圆地亚形的宇宙观。
Ming-Tang, as an important Li-institution building, had a Ya-shape plan before Han dynasty, which originated from the universe mode of round sky with Ya-shape earth in ancient times.
明堂作为重要的礼制建筑，汉代以前平面为亚形，源自于上古时代天圆地亚形的宇宙观。
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