A small gasoline tax would help free America from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development.
少量的汽油税将帮助美国摆脱对石油进口的依赖，并为绿色能源的发展创造动力。
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ordered the dam removed after concluding that the environmental and economic benefits of a free-flowing river outweighed the electricity generated by the dam.
美国联邦能源监管委员会得出结论说，一条自由流动的河流所带来的环境和经济效益超过了大坝产生的电力，因此下令拆除大坝。
The key to this efficiency is the free energy arriving by stochastic resonance.
装置效率的关键在于随机共振所能带来的免费能量。
Mr Gates is the principal owner of TerraPower, which investigates ways to improve emission-free energy supplies using small nuclear reactors.
盖茨先生是特拉派沃公司的主要持有人，该公司研究使用小型核反应器来提高无放射能源的供给。
Whereas under these conditions, these quantities, if you look at free energy change, for example at constant temperature and pressure, H you can still calculate H.
但是，在这些条件下，这些物理量，如果我们考察自由能的变化,例如在恒定的温度和压强下，我们仍然可以计算。
So we can replace this with the change in Gibbs free energy from going from gas to liquid.
所以这一项我们可以替代它，用从气相到液相变化的吉布斯自由能。
Previous experiments and simulations, however, indicated that the free energy of hydration did not match this predicted linear trend.
然而，过去的研究和模拟表明，烷烃的水化自由能并不符合预计的线性变化趋势。
So whatever their average free energy is, that's going to add up and give us the total.
所有不论它们的平均自由能是什么，只要把它们加起来就会得到整体的值。
So this means that they were taking the derivatives of the Gibbs free energy with respect to one of its variables is something that we should know.
这意味着，当我们对吉布斯自由能求它的变量，的偏导数的时候，我们会得到我们以前学过的东西。
We learned that the pressure dependence of the Gibbs free energy gives you the pressure dependence for the chemical potential.
我们还知道吉布斯自由能，对压强的依赖关系决定了，化学势对压强的依赖关系。
Especially when you're talking about something like a chemical potential, which is really nothing but the Gibbs free energy.
尤其是当你谈论诸如,化学势之类的东西的时候，实际上这就是吉布斯自由能。
What that suggests is that actually the simplest and most natural connection between Q and macroscopic thermodynamics is to the Helmholtz free energy.
这暗示我们，最简单最自然的联系，在Q和宏观热力学两之间，是和亥姆霍兹自由能的联系。
What this is telling us is that we just have a chemical potential, of Helmholtz free energy per molecule.
这告诉我们的是，我们只有化学势，每个分子的亥姆霍兹自由能。
Could it be that having all this free energy lying around in fossil fuels offered us a dangerous dose of cultural steroids, the evolutionary equivalent of human growth hormone?
难道化石燃料里的自由能对于我们的文化进化过程，就相当于危险剂量的类固醇类激素对于人类的生长一样吗？
An altogether different, and better, idea is to use the sea to generate green, CO2-free energy.
一个完全不同的更好的思路是，利用海洋产生绿色、无co2的能量。
Let's see that a little more explicitly by just calculating out the free energy change of mixing.
让我们通过计算出，混合物中自由能的变化，使问题更加清楚。
Advocates are fond of noting that nuclear power now provides 70 percent of the country's "carbon-free" energy.
核能源支持者很喜欢指出一点：核能源现在已经在提供美国70%的“无碳”能源。
So I can in a very straightforward way say, OK, well, here is my Helmholtz free energy.
所以我可以很直接的说，这就是我的亥姆赫兹自由能。
And this is just the Gibbs free energy per mole of a in the gas phase.
气相中的化学势，就是气相中每摩尔a的吉布斯自由能。
The resulting pollution-free energy will be enough to power the tower and several buildings in the surrounding area.
由此产生的无污染能源将足以为整座塔及周边若干建筑进行供电。
So this is the variable that goes with Gibbs free energy.
所以这就是吉布斯自由能的变量。
He and some of his grad students wanted to use nitrous oxide as an emissions-free energy source.
他和他班上一些大学生想利用氧化氮作为无排放的动力能源。
And then we can also write this in terms of the Gibbs free energy for the reaction.
然后我们可以用反应的，吉布斯自由能把它写出来。
So of course, the free energy in either case is just the sum of the number of moles of each times the chemical potential of each.
那么当然，任一种情况的自由能，就是各组分的分子数，乘以化学势再加和。
So it becomes interesting, then, to figure out, how can we write the Helmholtz free energy in terms of the canonical partition function?
这就让我们开始思考，要怎么来表示亥姆霍兹自由能,用正则配分函数？
So there's so much chemistry that takes place in liquid mixtures that it is really important to have a sense of what the free energy and chemical potential of each of the species is doing in there.
在液体混合物中发生，如此多的化学现象，以致了解每一种液体的，自由能和化学势，是怎样的非常重要。
And it's always going to come down to calculating the appropriate free energy, and how it changes in the process.
这总是涉及到计算，适当的自由能，以及这些自由能在过程中如何变化。
And I know the Gibbs free energy is just the sum of the chemical potentials, right?
我们知道吉布斯自由能，等于化学势之和，对吗？
Changes in Gibbs free energy, changes in the chemical potential. Everything will be related to this partition function. This subsystem.
吉布斯自由能和化学势的变化，一切都，由这个子系统决定。
With respect to pressure, when we know that the variables that we use for Gibbs free energy are pressure and temperature. Right?
对压强求导，你知道吉布斯自由能，的变量是压强和温度？
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