The temperature scale that turns out to be well—defined and ends up giving us the concept of an absolute zero is the ideal gas thermometer.
理想气体温标它有精确的定义，并能引出绝对零度的概念。
Great. So now we have this ideal gas thermometer, and out of this ideal gas thermometer, also comes out the ideal gas law.
好，现在我们有了理想气体温度计，由此还可以引出理想气体定律，我们可以得到这条，插值出的直线的斜率。
So from measured equation of state data, or from a model like the ideal gas or the van der Waal's gas or another equation of state you know this.
所以，从测量的到的状态方程的数据，或者从状态方程模型比如理想气体方程，范德·瓦尔斯方程或者其他状态方程，我们就可以知道。
Let's try it with a different equation of state, that isn't quite as simple as the ideal gas case.
考虑一个不同的状态方程，这状态方程不像理想气体状态方程那么简单。
In other words, we're taking advantage of the fact that we now know that quantity. In the case of the ideal gas we just have a simple model for it.
换句话说，我们可以利用我们已经，了解这个物理量的这个优势，对理想气体我们有一个简单的模型。
So if we have an ideal gas, and certainly if we're going to assume an ideal liquid mixture, we can safely assume that it's an ideal gas above it.
那么如果我们有理想气体，当然如果我们设想，理想液体混合物，我们就能放心地，假设上面是理想气体。
And molecules in an ideal solution, an ideal solvent, are not very different than molecules in an ideal gas.
理想液体中的分子，理想溶液，与理想气体中分子没有太大的不同。
You have to have a gas in there because of the ideal gas for the approximation that goes in here.
气体必须出现在相变中，因为这里出现了理想气体近似。
V So we can, instead of having the volume of the gas here, we can use the ideal gas law.
所以我们可以在这里不保留这个，而是代入理想气体方程。
This quantity is exactly zero for an ideal gas and we'll discover why eventually it has to do with what we mean by an ideal gas it turns out.
对理想气体它是零,这点我们接下来会知道是,为什么，这与为什么我们叫它理想气体有关。
It's easier to think about it, to learn first in terms of the ideal gas, but it applies equally well to what you're more likely to use.
这很容易想象，首先学习理想气体，但是利用到，溶液上也是一样的。
An ideal gas, and we're going to be talking about ideal solutions.
理想气体，我们将会，讨论理想液体。
Now, if this is an ideal gas, we know that pressure is equal to nRT over volume.
如果这是一个理想气体系统，我们知道压强等于nRT除以体积。
So we have a very simple expression which is called the van't Hoff expression, and look at how it resembles the ideal gas law.
我们得到了一个很简单的结果,这个公式叫做van’t，Hoff公式，这个公式和理想气体公式很相似。
The ideal gas constant doesn't change, temperature doesn't change, and so v we just have minus nRT integral V1, V2, dV over V.
理想气体常数不变，温度也不变，因此,是负的nRT，积分从v1到v2，dv除以。
Right now we told you Joule did all these experiments and he found out that for an ideal gas, that the limit in and ideal gas 0 case was that the eta J was equal to zero.
现在我告诉你们焦耳,做了所有这些实验,他发现对于理想气体,在极限情况下理想气体的ηJ等于。
Ln and now I've got log of PI over p, and I'm just going to use the ideal gas law.
现在有，现在我要用理想气体定律。
And it's an ideal gas, pV so I'm going to replace pV by NkT.
理想气体，可以用NkT替代。
And we saw that, you saw that the Joule coefficient for an ideal gas was zero.
我们会发现，你们也会发现，理想气体的焦耳系数是零。
For instance, if you look at an expansion of an ideal gas, Not based on thermodynamics, ut based on the statistical mechanics.
比如说理想气体膨胀时的，不是热力学的角度来计算它，现在从统计力学。
And now we're going to specify, we're going to do a Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.
我们具体地指定一个卡诺循环，这是理想气体。
That it's equal to the chemical potential RTlogp at one bar for an ideal gas plus RT log p.
等于对于理想气体一巴时的,化学势加上。
It's kind of like considering the molecules in the solution to act like an ideal gas.
就像把溶液中的分子，想象成。
It describes more accurately the real gas than the one about the ideal gas because it reflects the relation among macrocosmic gas.
由这一方程所反映的气体宏观量之间的关系，就比理想气体的状态方程更准确，更接近真实气体了。
So it's, this is just the integral PDV And it's an ideal gas, isothermal, right.
从一点到二点的，的积分。，from,one, to, two, of, p, dV。，这是理想气体，恒温过程，好的。
PROFESSOR BAWENDI: so, for an ideal gas, the isothermal is the easy one because the energy doesn't change.
对理想气体，等温过程最简单，因为能量不变。
With some practical examples, this paper presents a general method to determine the extreme value of ideal gas temperature in arbitrarily process.
文章给出了求解理想气体任意过程温度最值的一种普遍方法，并且举例加以说明。
So for an ideal gas then, dH/dp under 0 constant temperature, that has to be equal to zero.
所以对于理想气体,偏H偏p在恒温下，等于。
The real gases are different from the ideal gas. But the behavior of real gases resembles that of the ideal gas under many conditions.
实际气体不同于理想气体。但在许多条件下，实际气体的行为与理想气体的行为相似。
In chapter three and four, we give some state equations of real gas and the thermodynamical analysis in polytropic process based on the theory of ideal gas.
第三、第四章在理想气体的基础上，得出了实际气体状态方程及其多变过程中热力学计算。
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