The second level—Caculating of 'Probability of Default(PD)'.
第二层次—“违约概率”的计算。
Brokers say the price implies a 40% probability of default in the next five years.
经纪商说，这个价格表示未来五年内违约的可能性为40%。
Ratings are based on the probability of default so they are absolute, not relative; in theory, all countries could default on their debts.
信用级别建立在违约可能性的基础之上，因此级别是绝对的而非相对而言的；理论上说，所有的国家都有可能违约。
But the agencies argue that their ratings are designed to measure the probability of default, not to recommend the purchase of individual securities or to predict market prices.
但是信贷机构争辩说他们的评级只能衡量违约率的可能性，而并不对个别的证券提出买进的建议，也不能预测市场价格。
Consider the relativity between Loss Given Default and Probability of Default. (5) Study on the collocation of economic capital of our country's commercial Banks combining with RAROC.
考虑违约损失率与违约概率的相关性。(5)与RAROC结合研究我国商业银行的经济资本配置方法。
If the probability of observing a car in 30minutes on a highway is 0.95, what is the probability of observing acar in 10 minutes (assuming constant default probability)?
如果在高速公路上30分钟内到一辆车开过的几率是0.95，那么在10分钟内看到一辆车开过的几率是多少(假设为常概率条件下)？
And most problematic, there's no easy way to assign a single probability to the chance of default.
最成问题的是，没有简单的方法来指定一个单一的概率。
If the probability of observing a car in 30 minutes on a highway is 0.95, what is the probability of observing a car in 10 minutes (assuming constant default probability)?
在公路上如果每30分钟开过一辆车的概率是0.95，那么在十分钟内开过一辆车的概率是多少(假设默认的概率不变)？
This paper provides an expression for calculating risk-neutral default probability, which (is based) on state variables of a firm's assets, liabilities and capital structure in a structural approach.
该文给出了在结构方法中基于公司资产、债务和资本结构等状态变量的一个风险中性违约概率计算表达式；
In the case of considering the influence of the default probability, the paper establishes a credit risk decision model and gives corresponding credit risk d.
在考虑拖欠还款概率存在的影响下，建立了信贷风险决策模型，给出了相应的信贷风险决策机制。
Internationally, it has formed two kinds of basic methods for the choice of variables of the default probability model.
在国际上，对违约概率模型变量的选择上形成两种基本方法。
Internationally, it has formed two kinds of basic methods for the choice of variables of the default probability model.
在国际上，对违约概率模型变量的选择上形成两种基本方法。
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