结论三种手术方式均是继发孔型房间隔缺损安全有效和小创伤的治疗方法。
Conclusion The above montioned three minimally invasive techniques are safe and effective with smaller injury.
目的：介绍老年继发孔型房间隔缺损(asd)的几种治疗方法，并分析其治疗效果。
Objective: To review and analyze the results of several ways for treatment for atrial septal defect in the elderly in a single institution.
目的：介绍老年继发孔型房间隔缺损(asd)的几种治疗方法，并分析其治疗效果。
Objective: To review and analyze the results of several ways for treatment for atrial septal defect in the elderly in a single institution.
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