无论传统语言学、结构语言学或是转换生成语言学，都认为语言学研究的对象只是语言本身。

Whether the traditional linguistics, structuralist linguistics or transformational-generative linguistics all thought linguistics studied only language itself.

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认知语言学与生成语言学以不同的标准划分词类，前者采用功能标准和语义标准，后者采用句法标准。

Cognitive linguistics and generative linguistics are opposed in ascertaining word classes, the former adopting functional and semantic standards and the latter, syntactic ones.

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乔姆斯基的生成语法更是将语言的社会和文化因素排除在语言学研究之外。

Chomsky's generative grammar further excludes social and cultural elements out of the linguistic research.

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