Measuring the effectiveness of these tools is hard, since nobody can know what the exchange rate would be in their absence.
要测算这些措施的效用是困难的，因为没人能够知道假如没有这些措施汇率会怎样。
The rate of page cleaning, or the total absence of it, can cause large differences in timings which can make performance comparisons misleading.
页清除率，或者说总缺页率，可能导致计时上的很大不同，使得性能比较容易产生误解。
The budget office says that in the absence of a stimulus plan, the unemployment rate would rise above 9 percent by early 2010, and stay high for years to come.
预算办公室称，如果没有刺激计划，失业率将在2010年初时攀高至9%或以上，并在接下来几年持续走高。
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