Those estimates don't include less tangible factors like a weaker brand image, litigation risk and possible increase in advertising expenses.

上述估计还不包括无形的因素，包括品牌形象削弱、可能遭起诉以及广告开支可能增加。

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Yet cutting brands shaves operating costs because each brand requires a certain amount of spending on product development advertising, dealer support and other expenses.

然而，精减品牌可以压缩经营成本，因为每个品牌都需要一笔资金用于产品开发广告、经销商支持和其他方面。

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Factored into those prices is the cost of materials and production, as well as shipping, tariffs, marketing and advertising expenses.

影响定价的因素包括材料和生产成本，以及运费、关税、营销和广告费用。

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However, first-half gross and operating profit margins fell from 53.2% and 33.9%, respectively, to 50.2% and 31.1% due to increased advertising and marketing expenses, more aggressive pricing and a greater proportion of sales from lower-margin products.

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The company also cut back on advertising and other general expenses.

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Sales growth, while better than expected, was only a small part of the overall better performance as Kellogg effectively reduced costs through lower advertising expenses and higher productivity.

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