This dissertation thus puts his thoughts in the counter-enlightenment backdrop and discusses them from the perspective of "barbarism and civilization".

本文则将梅斯特的思想置于“反启蒙”的框架中，从“文明与野蛮”的角度切入，展开讨论。

youdao

The civilization is a concept which is opposite to barbarism, fatuity and ignorance. It symbolizes the progressive degree and civilized state of human society.

文明是一个与野蛮、愚昧和无知相对应的概念，标志着人类社会进步的程度和开化的状态。

youdao

The author argues that the means of implementation of the death penalty is from barbarism to civilization gradually and the death penalty is no less cruel than life imprisonment.

笔者从死刑的执行方式由野蛮逐渐向文明转化、死刑并不比终身监禁残忍等方面进行了回应。

youdao

That means Socialism, and because of the one-way dynamic (development sequence) of capitalism, which is entirely independent of the wills of the capitalists and politicians themselves and which leads to Fascism, barbarism and finally the end of civilization, capitalism cannot be turned into Socialism.

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