"It's joy, it's positive engagement with life, " said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor.

“笑是欢乐，是积极地参与生活，”鲍林格林大学（Bowling GreenUniversity）心理学教授亚普·潘克斯普（JaakPanksepp）说。

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"Graffiti is a way for people to express themselves when they don't feel they can do so publicly," says Joe Austin, a professor of popular culture at Bowling Green State University.

“涂鸦是一种当人们觉得无法公开表达自我时所采取的方式。”伯林·格林州立大学的流行文化教授乔伊·奥斯汀这样说。

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“Graffiti is a way for people to express themselves when they don’t feel they can do so publicly,” says Joe Austin, a professor of popular culture at Bowling Green State University.

“涂鸦是一种当人们觉得无法公开表达自我时所采取的方式。” 伯林格林州立大学的流行文化教授乔伊·奥斯汀这样说。

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So in 1995 Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University, Ohio, decided to see if the anecdotes were true.

ECONOMIST: The biology of music | The

In 2006, 1.8 million Americans aged 50 and above lived in heterosexual "unmarried-partner households, " a 50% increase from 2000, figures Bowling Green State University demographer Susan Brown.

FORBES: The Second Match

Research by Wendy Manning of Bowling Green State University and others shows that unmarried Mexican-American couples who have children while living together are slightly more likely to break up than are blacks or whites in similar circumstances.

ECONOMIST: Hispanic families