Then through the model studies the cause of bullwhip effects, and makes corresponding advices to tame the bullwhip.

在借鉴大量的研究成果的基础上，分析了牛鞭效应产生的原因，并提出了相应的消减牛鞭效应的对策建议。

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However there are lots of problems in the supply chain management, demand forecasting deviated real market demand, severe bullwhip effects, the high stock costs and low level of service, etc.

但是供应链管理中存在着需求预测偏离市场、牛鞭效应严重、库存成本高、服务水平低等问题。

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