Rugby Football Union chief disciplinary officer Judge Jeff Blackett had equated the offence to abuse of a match official, a position Armitage rejected.

BBC: Delon Armitage ban appeal dismissed by RFU

"These protocols alone are not effective in identifying spam because spammers are doing what they always have, adapting in order to circumvent measures aimed at stopping spam, " said Paul Judge, chief technology officer at CipherTrust.

BBC: NEWS | Technology | Spammers exploit anti-spam trap

Barry Judge, the chief marketing officer, is another option.

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