The essence of standardization is the control of confounding effects.

标准化的本质就是控制混杂效应。

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But Mr Ariely and his colleagues demonstrate a mechanism through which such confounding effects could operate.

但是Ariely先生和他的同事们论证了这类干扰效果得以运行的一套原理。

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However, the consequences of the simulation model over a period of resting have not been clearly documented, which may have confounding effects on the experimental outcome.

然而，该模型受静态压力的一些结果并没有被清楚的记录，这将导致实验结果的混乱。

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And since hydrogen is electrically neutral, it should be possible to observe gravity's tiny tug on it without the confounding effects of electrostatic attraction to other particles.

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Although the findings of the studies are mostly consistent in showing a similar magnitude hazard ratio, estimates of the effectiveness of sipuleucel-T are imprecise due to the relatively small total sample size of the clinical trials, and unmeasurable biases due to potential confounding effects of frozen salvage product and post-progression treatments.

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We have to recognize that studies that carefully assess the effects of an exposure on health are extremely difficult to carry out correctly without the errors of bias and confounding and, thus, are of variable reliability and validity.

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