There are many factors that affect reading, such as cultural background knowledge, schemata, cognitive level, cultural influence and reading skills.

影响阅读能力的因素很多，如文化背景知识、知识结构、认知水平、文化影响以及阅读技巧等。

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Cultural default is defined as the absence of relevant cultural background knowledge Shared by the writer and his intended readers.

文化缺省是指作者在与其意向读者交流时双方共有的相关文化背景知识的省略。

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As a commonly seen phenomenon in literary text, cultural default is defined as the absence of relevant cultural background knowledge Shared by the writer and his intended readers.

作为文学文本中的一种常见现象，文化缺省是指作者在与其意向读者交流时双方共有的相关文化背景知识的省略。

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Critics say the national exam is biased, since it presumes a level of knowledge and cultural background that students from working class families may not have.

VOA: standard.2010.02.02