Does Darwinian selection take place at the level only of individuals, or of groups as well?

达尔文选择是只发生在个体水平上，还是整体水平上呢？

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And that controversy leads to another one. Does Darwinian selection take place at the level only of individuals, or of groups as well?

争论最后集中到这样一个问题上，达尔文的物竞天择究竟是只发生在个体层面上，还是在群体层面上依旧有效。

youdao

Using phrases like "Darwinian selection" or "Darwinian evolution" implies there must be another kind of evolution at work, a process that can be described with another adjective.

使用“达尔文选择”或“达尔文进化论”这样的短语意味着工作中必须有另一种进化形式，一种可以用另一个形容词来描述的过程。

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That is, if they exist through Darwinian natural selection, ? to what extent can we ever get rid of them?

如果性别差异存在于,达尔文所说的自然选择当中，我们可以消除性别差异吗？

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

And it might occur to some of you that this seems to be an analogy with the Darwinian theory of natural selection where there's a random assortment of random mutations.

也许你们之中会有人觉得,这和达尔文的自然选择理论,看上去很相似,自然选择就是随机突变的随机分配。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Yet the intentionality implicit in physis is at the very core of the Darwinian concept of adaptation: forming well-functioning machines that can carry an organism through the filter of natural selection.

FORBES: Evolution and Embodied Physiology