In response to this, smallholders have developed strategies for (ex ante) risk management and (ex post) risk coping.

为此，小农制定了(事前)风险管理和(事后)风险应对战略。

youdao

In the supply chain, the problems in agency mainly involve the adverse selection caused by ex ante information asymmetry and moral hazard caused by ex post information asymmetry.

供应链中的委托代理问题主要包括由事前信息不对称引起的逆向选择问题和由事后信息不对称引起的道德风险问题。

youdao

There is not only ex ante nonsymmetric information, but also ex post nonsymmetric information between the commercial banks and the borrowers, and then lead to produce the credit risk.

在商业银行与借款者之间，既存在事前非对称信息，又存在事后非对称信息，使之产生信贷风险。

youdao

The choice between an ex ante prohibition of certain conduct and an ex post, case-by-case review of complaints turns on the potential for efficiency justifications.

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