But Japan's fisheries minister, Yoshimasa Hayashi, has said whaling is part of Japan's culture and that it will never give up hunting the animals.

BBC: US court brands whale activists Sea Shepherd 'pirates'

Three other candidates contested the leadership - Nobuteru Ishihara, son of Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara, Nobutaka Machimura, the former foreign minister, and Yoshimasa Hayashi, another former defence minister.

BBC: Japan ex-PM Shinzo Abe elected opposition leader

The LDP, which gave more detail on the need for higher consumption taxes in its manifesto, found the idea gained little momentum, said Yoshimasa Hayashi, a politician in the party who campaigned with upper-house candidates in rural areas.

ECONOMIST: Japan's upper-house elections