These were chiefly enterprises devoted to economic growth in China's underdeveloped hinterland, undertaken as part of the government's "Project Glory" program of rural reform.

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AK, they fear, might favour the more ostentatiously religious sort of businessmen in the Anatolian hinterland, who have been chipping away at Istanbul's economic dominance since the time of the late Turgut Ozal, Turkey's visionary leader in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

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