Martin has shown that, of the eukaryotic genes whose ancestry can be traced, 75 per cent or more came from bacteria rather than the host cell.

马丁揭示，在哪些可以追溯到祖先的线粒体基因上，有75%或更多的成分来自当时外来的细菌而非宿主细胞。

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The viral DNA is injected through the tail into the host cell, where it directs the production of progeny phages.

该病毒DNA通过尾巴注入宿主细胞，在这里指导后代噬菌体的产生。

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The proteins are used to create new cells or perform necessary functions within the host cell or organism.

这些蛋白质被用来制造新的细胞或在宿主细胞内或者生物体中执行必要的功能。

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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.

所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The HIV retrovirus, in particular, is a single-stranded RNA virus that duplicates itself in a host cell by converting its genetic code into double-stranded DNA that is then inserted into the host cell.

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Obama's move will be hailed by advocates for those suffering from a host of afflictions, ranging from diabetes to Parkinson's disease, who believe that an expansion of stem-cell research could boost medical progress toward eradicating the debilitating diseases.

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