Using previous research on influenza viral loads in nasal secretions.

根据此前有关鼻腔分泌物中流感病毒载量的研究。

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As influenza viruses pass from one person, or bird, to another, they normally pick up random changes in their genes because of errors in viral replication.

当流感病毒由一个人或一只鸟传给另一个人或鸟时，由于病毒复制错误，它们通常会带上基因中的随机变化。

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Antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses, yet patients who press their doctors to prescribe them for viral infections such as colds or influenza are seldom harmed by their self-indulgence.

抗生素只对细菌起作用，而非病毒。虽然那些因病毒感染而患上感冒或流感的病人经常要求医生给他们开抗生素，但他们很少因为这一放纵行为受太大影响。

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Avian influenza is an infectious viral disease of birds.

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They are supporting the advance of scientific and pharmaceutical drug development to protect us against potential health threats, whether from bacterial infections or viral sources like influenza.

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To date, the CDC has not found any incidence of Influenza A or B resistance to the two main anti-viral medications given to patients within the first 48 hours of infection: oseltamivir and zanamivir.

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