The growth processes of liquid-phase epitaxy will be discussed in some detail, as crystal growth is a necessary step for the realization of integrated optics using.

再略为详细地讨论液相外延生长过程，因为晶体生长是实现集成光路使用的必不可少的一个环节。

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So liquid crystal grating is used in extensive field such as diffraction optics, photoelectric switch, deflexion controlling of light beam.

因此液晶光栅的这种光电特性在衍射光学、光电开关、光束偏转控制等许多领域具有广泛的应用前景。

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This achievement has come as a result of gradual improvements in optics, liquid-crystal chemistry and microelectronics made by IBM groups in Yamato, Japan, and Yorktown Heights, New York.

这些成就是IBM公司设在日本大和雅马拓公司和美国纽约约克敦海茨科研小组在光学、液晶化学和微电子学领域逐步取得科技进步的结果。

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It is done using a special type of liquid-crystal array developed by a British firm called Light Blue Optics, which is also developing the technology for use in tiny projectors (see article).

ECONOMIST: Monitor